Population and Politics PDF
Preview Population and Politics
Population and Politics Every country, every subnational government, and every district has a designated population, and this has a bearing on politics in ways most citizens and policymakers are barely aware of. Population and Politics provides a comprehensive evaluation of the political implications stemming from the size of a political unit – on social cohesion, the number of representatives, overall representativeness, particularism (“pork”), citizen engagement and participation, political trust, electoral contestation, leadership succession, professionalism in government, power concentration in the central apparatus of the state, government intervention, civil conflict, and overall political power. A multimethod approach combines field research in small states and islands with cross-country and within-country data analysis. Population and Politics will be of interest to academics, policymakers, and anyone concerned with decentralization and multilevel governance. John Gerring is Professor of Government at University of Texas at Austin. He is co-editor of Strategies for Social Inquiry, a book series at Cambridge University Press, and serves as a principal investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) and the Global Leadership Project (GLP). Wouter Veenendaal is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Leiden University. He is the author of Politics and Democracy in Microstates (2014) and Democracy in Small States (2018). terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core Population and Politics The Impact of Scale John Gerring University of Texas at Austin Wouter Veenendaal Leiden University terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108494137 DOI: 10.1017/9781108657099 © John Gerring and Wouter Veenendaal 2020 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2020 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gerring, John, 1962– author. | Veenendaal, Wouter, 1986– author. Title: Population and politics : the impact of scale / John Gerring, Wouter Veenendaal. Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019051770 (print) | LCCN 2019051771 (ebook) | ISBN 9781108494137 (hardback) | ISBN 9781108657099 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Political geography. | Population – Political aspects. | Scaling (Social sciences) Classification: LCC JC319 .G5247 2020 (print) | LCC JC319 (ebook) | DDC 320.1/2–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019051770 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019051771 ISBN 978-1-108-49413-7 Hardback ISBN 978-1-108-71396-2 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core Contents List of Figures page xiii List of Tables xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiv Part I Framework 1 1 Scaling the Political World 3 2 Approaches 24 Part II Scale Effects 63 3 Cohesion 65 4 Representatives 83 5 Representativeness 108 6 Particularism 131 7 Participation 160 8 Contestation 184 9 Institutionalized Succession 213 10 Professionalism 227 11 Concentration 249 12 Intervention 273 13 Power 305 v terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core 14 Civil Conflict 321 15 Other Outcomes 339 Part III Conclusions 363 16 How Scale Matters 365 Appendix A Interviews 393 Appendix B Country-Level Data 405 References 420 Index 480 vi Contents terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:42, subject to the Cambridge Core Detailed Contents List of Figures page xiii List of Tables xv Preface xvii Our Approach xx The Road Ahead xxii Acknowledgments xxiv Part I Framework 1 1 Scaling the Political World 3 Differences of Scale 3 Skewness 6 Organizational Types 9 Empirical Regularities 11 A Scale-Biased View of the World 12 Scale Effects 15 Clarifications and Caveats 19 Scope-Conditions 22 2 Approaches 24 Extant Work 25 Alternate Meanings of Scale 25 Scale As an Outcome 26 Multilevel Governance 27 Empirical Regularities 27 Small Groups 28 Scale and Political Community 29 Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Communities 30 Demographic Scale 32 Scale As a Causal Factor 33 Antecedent Causes 35 Mechanisms and Confounders 36 Conclusions 37 Analytic Strategies (Large-N) 38 Estimators and Specifications 38 Longitudinal and Latitudinal Comparisons 40 Subnational Units 42 vii terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:43, subject to the Cambridge Core National Units 46 Instrumental Variable Analysis 49 Impact 51 Mechanisms 52 Replicability 52 Outcomes and Measures 54 Data Sources 56 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) 57 Multilevel Elections Archive (MLEA) 58 Global Leadership Project (GLP) 59 Fieldwork in Small States and Territories 60 Conclusions 61 Part II Scale Effects 63 3 Cohesion 65 Heterogeneity 66 Evidence 68 Discussion 72 Connectedness 74 Deviance 75 Summary 78 4 Representatives 83 Theory 84 A Sublinear Relationship 86 Evidence: Legislature Size 87 National Legislatures 88 US Legislatures 93 Changes over Time 96 Evidence: Cabinet Size 99 Representation Ratio 100 Summary 104 5 Representativeness 108 Theory 109 A Stylized Depiction 111 Caveats 113 Trust 114 Evidence 114 Demographic Representativeness 114 Programmatic Representativeness 119 Constituency Connections 121 Political Trust 123 Summary 127 6 Particularism 131 Theory 132 Efficiency 133 viii Detailed Contents terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:43, subject to the Cambridge Core Accountability 134 Obligation 136 Opposition 137 Evidence 138 Party Strength 139 Preferential Voting 142 Vote-Buying 145 Campaign Finance 147 Pork 151 Corruption (Overall) 153 Summary 155 7 Participation 160 Theory 161 Individual Power 162 Access 163 Coordination 163 Norms 164 Other Possible Pathways 166 Caveats 167 Evidence: Extant Studies 168 Citizen Assemblies 168 Political Parties 170 Voting et al. 171 Efficacy 173 Meta-analysis 174 Evidence: New Analyses 175 District Analysis 175 Cross-Country Analysis 176 Summary 180 8 Contestation 184 Theory: Polity Level 186 Theory: District Level 187 Mechanical Effects 187 Challengers 188 Cohesion 189 Evidence: Country Level 191 Evidence: District Level 193 Global Analysis 194 Precincts 196 Council Elections 199 Suffrage Reforms 202 Turnover 204 Evidence: Nongovernmental Organizations 206 Summary 209 9 Institutionalized Succession 213 Theory 214 Evidence 218 Detailed Contents ix terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108657099 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Huron University College, on 26 May 2020 at 11:16:43, subject to the Cambridge Core
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