Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History

568 Pages·2003·2.39 MB·English

by  Hubert Michael Seiwert, Ma Xisha

POPULAR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS AND HETERODOX
SECTS IN CHINESE HISTORY
CHINA STUDIES
Published for the Institute for Chinese Studies
University of Oxford
EDITORS:
DUDBRIDGE
GLEN
FRANK PIEKE
VOLUME 3
POPULAR RELIGIOUS
MOVEMENTS AND
HETERODOX SECTS IN
CHINESE HISTORY
BY
HUBERT SEIWERT
IN COLLABORATION WITH
MA XISHA
BRILL
LEIDEN •BOSTON
2003
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Seiwert, Hubert Michael, 1949-
Popular religious movements and heterodox sects in Chinese history / By Hubert Seiwert
; in collaboration with Ma Xisha.
p. cm. – (China studies ; vol. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 90-04-13146-9
1. China–Religion–History. I. Title. II. China studies (Leiden, Netherlands) ; vol. 3.
BL1800.S45 2003
299'.51–dc21
2003045206
ISSN 0928–5520
ISBN 90 04 13146 9
© Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
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printed in the netherlands
For Bärbel, Anne, and Eva
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CONTENTS
Foreword.................................................................................................xi
Conventions and Abbreviations..................................................................xiv
GENERAL INTRODUCTION..........................................................1
PART ONE
POPULAR SECTS AND HETERODOXY
BEFORE THE MING DYNASTY
INTRODUCTION............................................................................13
CHAPTER ONE: Prophecies and Messianism in Han
Confucianism...............................................................................15
CHAPTER TWO: Popular Sects and the Early Daoist
Tradition......................................................................................23
1. Roots of the Daoist Tradition.....................................................23
2. New Developments during the Han Dynasty..................................27
3. The Formation of Daoist Orthodoxies..........................................52
4. Popular Sects after the Han Dynasty............................................62
5. Eschatology and Millenarianism.................................................80
CHAPTER THREE: Heterodox Movements in Medieval
Buddhism.....................................................................................94
1. Critique of Buddhism as a Heterodox Religion...............................98
2. Buddhism, Popular Religions, and Rebellions..............................103
3. Eschatological Beliefs in Buddhist Sectarianism...........................123
4. The Social Dimension of Heterodox Buddhist Sectarianism............140
5. The Elimination of Heterodoxy.................................................157
6. Conclusion: The Formation of Orthodoxies and Heterodoxies.........161
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER FOUR: Popular Sectarianism during the Song and
Yuan dynasties...........................................................................165
1. Popular Buddhism and Buddhist Sectarianism............................168
The White Cloud movement................................................174
The White Lotus movement................................................178
2. Other Sectarian Traditions.......................................................186
Heterodox sects during the Song..........................................188
Millenarian sects during the Yuan.......................................197
PART TWO
POPULAR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS DURING THE
MING AND QING DYNASTIES
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................209
CHAPTER FIVE: The Luo Teaching: The Shaping of a
New Tradition............................................................................214
1. The Formation of a New Tradition...........................................216
2. The Unfolding of a Tradition...................................................235
3. The Dynamics of a Popular Religious Movement.........................260
CHAPTER SIX: The Spectrum of Popular Religious
Teachings in Late Ming.............................................................268
1. Popular Religious Teachings in Early Ming...............................269
2. Huangtian Jiao (Yellow Heaven Teaching)................................293
3. Hongyang Jiao (Vast Yang Teaching).......................................318
4. Sanyi Jiao (Three-in-One Teaching).........................................343
CHAPTER SEVEN: Homogenization and Diversification
of Sectarian Traditions...............................................................365
1. The Longhua Jing (Dragon-Flower Scripture) as Synthesis of
Sectarian Traditions in North China.........................................366
2. Proliferation of Popular Sects under the Qing...............................402
Zhang Baotai and His Sectarian Network...............................405
The Shouyuan Jiao and Bagua Jiao Networks.......................413
Continuation of Cumulative Traditions: Yiguan Dao..............427