POPs in marine mammals in Nordic Arctic and NE Atlantic areas during three decades

121 Pages·2011·3.28 MB·English

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“New” POPs in marine mammals
www.norden.org
in Nordic Arctic and NE Atlantic
“New” POPs in marine mammals in Nordic Arctic areas during three decades
and NE Atlantic areas during three decades
Marine mammals hold a special position in the hearts of people
inhabiting Nordic Arctic areas and in coastal communities around
the North Atlantic Ocean as they are an essential part of the diet and
traditional life-style. However, marine mammals are in a particularly
vulnerable position as regards environmental pollutants, because
of the large fat stores in their bodies which serve as a “magnet” to a
large number of persistent and toxic pollutants.

A Nordic Council of Ministers supported collaboration between Nor-
way, Denmark/Greenland, Faroe Island, Iceland and Sweden set out
to look for possible trends in “new” contaminants in marine mam-
mals in Nordic Arctic waters. The “new” contaminants in focus are
the brominated flame retardants including the PBDEs, methoxylated
PBDEs, perfluorinated compounds including the PFOS family, and
polychlorinated naphthalenes. In addition, a subset of the samples
was analysed for brominated dioxins and dibenzofurans. The marine
mammals studied were fin whale, minke whale, pilot whale, white-
sided dolphins, harbour porpoise, ringed seal and hooded seal.
The study aims at giving a wide scope of the presence of these
“new” contaminants in marine mammals in recent time and going
back to the 1980s using samples from specimen banks.
TemaNord 2011:564
ISBN 978-92-893-2282-9
2011-564, omslag.indd 1 07-11-2011 07:38:43

“New” POPs in marine mam-
mals in Nordic Arctic and NE
Atlantic areas during three
decades

Maria Dam, Bert van Bavel, Frank Rigét, Anna Rotander,
Anuschka Polder, Guðjón A. Auðunsson, Dorete Bloch, Gísli A.
Víkingsson, Bjarni Mikkelsen, Geir Wing Gabrielsen and Kjetil
Sagerup

TemaNord 2011:564
”New” POPs in marine mammals in Nordic Arctic and NE Atlantic areas during three
decades

TemaNord 2011:564
ISBN 978-92-893-2282-9
© Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2011
Print: Kailow Express ApS
Cover photo: Kjell-Arne Fagerheim, Maria Dam, Christian M. Glahder, Gísli A. Víkingsson
Copies: 40

Printed in Denmark

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
But the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommen-
dations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.

Nordic co-operation
Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv-
ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland.
Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im-
portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic
community in a strong Europe.
Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the
global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the
world’s most innovative and competitive.

Nordic Council of Ministers
Ved Stranden 18
DK-1061 København K
Phone [phone]

www.norden.org
Content
Preface........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 11
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 13
2. Presentation of compounds ..................................................................................................... 15
2.1 Brominated flame retardants – polybrominated diphenyl ether.................. 15
2.2 Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers........................................................... 16
References ...................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Other brominated flame retardants......................................................................... 19
2.4 Polychlorinated naphthalenes ................................................................................... 23
References ...................................................................................................................................... 27
2.5 Perfluorinated compounds ......................................................................................... 28
References ...................................................................................................................................... 32
3. Presentation of marine mammal species ............................................................................ 33
3.1 Abbreviations used ........................................................................................................ 33
3.2 Ringed seal (Phoca hispida)........................................................................................ 33
3.3 Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) from the West Ice ...................................... 34
References ...................................................................................................................................... 35
References ...................................................................................................................................... 37
3.4 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) .................................. 37
3.5 The long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) ............................................ 39
References ...................................................................................................................................... 40
3.6 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) .......................................................... 41
References ...................................................................................................................................... 43
3.7 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) ......................................................................... 44
References ...................................................................................................................................... 46
4. Materials ......................................................................................................................................... 47
4.1 Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 47
4.2 Sample selection and preparation ............................................................................ 47
4.3 Ringed seal samples from Greenland ...................................................................... 48
4.4 Hooded seal samples from the West Ice................................................................. 48
4.5 Harbour porpoise samples from Iceland and Norway ...................................... 49
4.6 White-sided dolphin samples from the Faroe Islands ...................................... 50
4.7 Pilot whale samples from the Faroe Islands ......................................................... 50
4.8 Minke whale samples from Norway, Greenland and Iceland ......................... 51
4.9 Fin whale samples from Iceland................................................................................ 52
References ...................................................................................................................................... 53
5. Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 55
5.1 Chemical analyses .......................................................................................................... 55
5.2 Data treatment................................................................................................................. 63
References ...................................................................................................................................... 64
6. Results.............................................................................................................................................. 65
6.1 Brominated flame retardants – PBDE ..................................................................... 65
6.2 Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers........................................................... 71
6.3 Brominated flame retardants – non-PBDEs .......................................................... 74
6.4 Polychlorinated naphthalenes ................................................................................... 76
6.5 Perfluorinated alkylated compounds ...................................................................... 80
References ...................................................................................................................................... 87
7. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 89
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 91
Norsk oppsummering ........................................................................................................................ 93
Appendix ................................................................................................................................................ 95
Appendix 1:
Samples analysed ........................................................................................................... 96
Appendix 2:
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers analyses results in ng/g LW. ................... 107
Appendix 3:
Methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers analyses results in ng/g
LW. ..................................................................................................................................... 109
Appendix 4:
Other brominated flame retardants analyses results in ng/g LW. ............. 111
Appendix 5:
Polychlorinated naphthalene analyses results in ng/g LW........................... 112
Appendix 6:
Perfluorinated compounds analyses results in ng/g WW. ............................ 114
Appendix 7:
Tables presenting results of statistical analyses ............................................... 115
Preface
The report describes the findings of a Nordic study aiming to depict pos-
sible trends in “new” contaminants in marine mammals in Nordic Arctic
waters over three decennia. The “new” contaminants in focus are the
brominated flame retardants, BFRs, methoxylated PBDEs, perfluorinated
compounds including the PFOS family, and polychlorinated naphtha-
lenes, PCNs. In addition, brominated dioxins and dibenzofurans were
analysed in a subset of the samples.
The study aims at giving a wide scope of the presence of a selection of
these “new” contaminants in marine mammals in recent time and so far
back as is possible with extracting samples from specimen banks.
The marine mammal species analysed were fin whale, minke whale,
pilot whale, white-sided dolphins, harbour porpoise, ringed seal and
hooded seal.
The study is the result of collaboration between Norway, Denmark/
Greenland, Faroe Island, Iceland and Sweden. The funding for large parts of
the project has been made available by the Nordic Council of Ministers via
the working group on Akvatiska Ekosystemer.

Foreword
By Mr Kári P. Højgaard, Minister of the Interior, Faroe Islands

Marine mammals are highly valued in the countries surrounded by the
North Atlantic Ocean. For centuries, marine mammals have served as a
nutritious food resource and provided for warm clothing. In addition,
many marine mammals have earned a unique position in the minds of
people as mysterious and magnificent creatures inhabiting the vast
oceans. Whilst the people still were restrained to onshore activities, the
marine mammals were the ultimate explorers of the vast oceans. Conse-
quently, legends and fairy tales developed that still provide children and
adults with capturing stories about marine mammals with supernatural
characteristics that evoked in their encounter with humans in ancient
times. In those times, before humans knew how to pollute and spoil the
habitats of the animal kingdom and mankind in general.
I am very pleased to see the continuous effort which the Nordic coun-
tries in cooperation put into describing and protecting the marine envi-
ronment so as to evolve into new joint means to sustain environmental
welfare and health. The records show that some of the pollutants which
have been subject to concerted international regulatory measures are
declining. For the marine mammals, who are the kings and queens in the
ocean, the decline is however slower to manifest. This is partly due to
the fact, that many marine mammals have a long lifespan and large fat
reserves where pollutants are stored, but also because the pollutants
may be persistent. Persistence means, that these contaminants do not
disappear from the environment in terms of days, weeks or months.
The purpose of the present Nordic project has been to expose the oc-
currence of a selection of contaminants which at presence are not well
known – in particular not in marine mammals. The contaminants ana-
lysed encompass compounds which are utilised in modern society in a
vast range of ordinary consumer products. Commonly used compounds
in our furniture, carpets and curtains, cars and planes, in hamburger
wrappings, in our all-weather outdoor clothing and in our cooking uten-
sils. Some of the compounds have been deliberately added to such prod-
ucts and some have been released from the production facilities during
manufacture and some are produced during the incineration of our
household and industrial waste.
I am pleased to learn, that the report informs us that brominated
flame retardants, PBDE, and PFOS were seen to decline since the turn of
the millennium, and decreasing tendencies were seen for polychlorinat-