Popes and antipopes : the politics of eleventh century church reform

284 Pages·2012·4.313 MB·English

by  Mary Stroll

Popes and Antipopes
Studies in the History of
Christian Traditions
General Editor
Robert J. Bast
Knoxville, Tennessee
In cooperation with
Henry Chadwick, Cambridge
Paul C.H. Lim, Nashville, Tennessee
Eric Saak, Liverpool
Brian Tierney, Ithaca, New York
Arjo Vanderjagt, Groningen
John Van Engen, Notre Dame, Indiana
Founding Editor
Heiko A. Oberman†
VOLUME 159
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/shct
Popes and Antipopes
The Politics of Eleventh Century Church Reform
By
Mary Stroll
LEIDEN • BOSTON
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2012
Cover illustration: Sketch of a fresco in the camerarius pro secretis consiliis in the Lateran Palace
by Calixtus II (1119-1124) of Alexander II using Cadalus as a footstool. Barb. Lat. 2738,
fol. 105v, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stroll, Mary.
Popes and antipopes : the politics of eleventh century church reform / by Mary Stroll.
p. cm. -- (Studies in the history of Christian traditions, ISSN 1573-5664 ; v. 159)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-21701-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Church history--11th century. 2. Popes.
3. Antipopes. 4. Papacy--History. I. Title.
BX1187.S85 2012
282.09’021--dc23
2011039354
ISSN 1573-5664
ISBN 978 90 04 21701 0
Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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Fees are subject to change.
To Avrum

CONTENTS
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................xi
Preface .......................................................................................................xiii
Abbreviations .............................................................................................xv
Introduction .................................................................................................1
1. Imperial Authority over Papal Elections ...........................................9
The Patricius Romanorum ...........................................................10
Bonizo .............................................................................................12
Petrus Damiani ..............................................................................15
Benzo ..............................................................................................17
The Response of the Reformers ...................................................19
2. Henry III’s Popes ...............................................................................21
Henry’s Authority ..........................................................................21
The Three Iniquitous Popes .........................................................22
Clement II ......................................................................................24
Damasus II .....................................................................................30
3. Leo IX (1049–1054): The Normans and
the Byzantines....................................................................................33
The Election of Bishop Bruno of Toul ........................................33
The Normans .................................................................................35
The Byzantine Empire ...................................................................39
Th e First Wedge Between Eastern and
Western Churches .....................................................................40
Leo’s Legacy ....................................................................................46
Summary and Conclusion............................................................48
4. Victor II and Stephen IX ..................................................................51
Part 1: Victor II (1055–1057) .......................................................51
Conflicting Sources...................................................................51
The House of Lotharingia/Canossa ........................................54
The Normans .............................................................................57
After Henry III’s Death ............................................................57
viii contents
Part 2: Stephen IX (1057–1058) ..................................................61
The Lotharingia/Canossa Alliance .........................................61
Stephen IX’s Reign ....................................................................63
The Significance of Stephen IX’s Reign ..................................65
5. Benedict X, Antipope: Romans Versus Reformers .......................69
The Elections of Benedict X and Nicholas II .............................69
Benedict’s Tragic Reign .................................................................71
The Pierleoni ..................................................................................74
Petrus Damiani ..............................................................................75
Leo of Ostia ....................................................................................77
Liber Pontificalis .............................................................................77
German Sources ............................................................................78
Bonizo .............................................................................................79
Panvinius ........................................................................................80
Conclusion .....................................................................................82
6. Nicholas II (1059–1061) ...................................................................83
Background and Election .............................................................84
Coronation .....................................................................................86
The Collection of 74 Titles ...........................................................89
7. Nicholas II: Papal Electoral Decree and
Break with the Regency ....................................................................95
The Papal Electoral Decree of 1059 ............................................95
Two Versions of the Papal Electoral Decree ..............................96
Signatures .......................................................................................98
Panvinius ......................................................................................101
Cardinal Bishops and the King ..................................................104
Questions Continue ....................................................................106
8. Nicholas II: The Normans and the Collapse of
Imperial Goodwill ...........................................................................109
The New Norman Policy ............................................................109
The North .....................................................................................111
A Critical Reign ...........................................................................116
9. The Election of Alexander II (1061–1073) ..................................119
Anselm as Bishop ........................................................................119
Patarines .......................................................................................121
contents ix
Anselm, Nicholas II and the Regency .....................................123
The Role of Hildebrand ............................................................124
How the Election was Carried Out .........................................126
Conclusion .................................................................................130
10. The Election of Cadalus, Honorius II .........................................133
Cadalus as Bishop ......................................................................134
After the Death of Nicholas II .................................................135
The Council of Basel .................................................................137
Hugo Candidus ..........................................................................140
Empress Agnes ...........................................................................141
Petrus Damiani ..........................................................................143
Papal Authority and the Lombards .........................................149
11. Conflict in Rome and the Abduction of Henry IV...................151
Benzo in Rome ..........................................................................152
The Arrival of Cadalus ..............................................................156
Only an Electus ..........................................................................160
Kaiserswerth...............................................................................162
The Kidnapping .........................................................................165
12. From Kaiserswerth to Mantua ....................................................169
The Effects of the Abduction on the Schism ..........................169
The Council of Augsburg .........................................................171
Dissension Within the German Church ................................174
The Easter Council of 1063 and the Renewal
of Violence .............................................................................178
Cadalus Returns to Rome ........................................................179
War ..............................................................................................183
Change of Fortunes and the Appeal to the King ...................184
Conclusion .................................................................................188
13. The Council of Mantua ................................................................191
Petrus Damiani Calls for a Council ........................................192
The Council of Mantua (May 31-June 3, 1064) .....................196
Benzo’s Purported Exposé ........................................................199
Analysis of Mantua ...................................................................203
14. Instability Following Mantua ......................................................205
Adalbert of Bremen and Anno ................................................205
x contents
Quedlinburg ...............................................................................206
Ceremony of Henry’s Coming of Age ....................................209
Anno’s Letters .............................................................................211
Letter of Petrus Damiani to Henry .........................................214
15. Ambivalence and Self Interest .....................................................219
Expedition of Godfrey to Rome ..............................................219
Expedition of Anno, Henry of Trent, and
Otto of Bavaria to Italy .........................................................222
Petrus Mezzabarba ....................................................................224
Beatrice and Godfrey Chastised ..............................................229
Hugo Candidus ..........................................................................230
Cencius Stephani .......................................................................236
Frayed Loyalties and the Deaths of Cadalus
and Alexander II ...................................................................239
Conclusion The State of the Papacy at the
End of the Schism ..........................................................243
Bibliography ............................................................................................249
Index of Subjects .....................................................................................261