Polyurethane and Fire: Fire Performance Testing under Real Conditions PDF
Preview Polyurethane and Fire: Fire Performance Testing under Real Conditions
F.H.PragerandH.Rosteck PolyurethaneandFire Related Titles Krause,U. Fires in Silos Hazards,Prevention,andFireFighting approx.250pageswithapprox.115figures Hardcover ISBN3-527-31467-9 Quintiere,J. Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena 448pages Hardcover ISBN0-470-09113-4 Fitzgerald,R.W. Building Fire Performance Analysis 534pages Hardcover ISBN0-470-86326-9 Franz H. Prager and Helmut Rosteck Polyurethane and Fire Fire Performance Testing under Real Conditions TheAutors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editor,andpub- Dr.-Ing.FranzH.Prager lisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained Fürstenbergstr.1b inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof 51379Leverkusen errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Germany statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetails orotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Dipl.-Ing.HelmutRosteck Hufelandstr.106 LibraryofCongressCardNo.:Appliedfor 51061Köln Germany BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationData: Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary Bibliographicinformationpublishedby DieDeutscheBibliothek DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationin theDeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbiblio- graphicdataisavailableinthe Internetat Xhttp://dnb.ddb.deG. ©2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. KGaA,Weinheim Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslation intootherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmay bereproducedinanyform–nortransmittedor translatedintomachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registered names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,even whennotspecificallymarkedassuch,arenotto beconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany Printedonacid-freepaper Composition Mitterweger&Partner KommunikationsgesellschaftmbH,Plankstadt Printing betz-DruckGmbH,Darmstadt Bookbinding Litges&DopfBuchbindereiGmbH, Heppenheim ISBN-13 978-3-527-30805-7 ISBN-10 3-527-30805-9 V Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Fire-ProtectionProblems 3 2.1 DefinitionoftheFire-PerformanceCriteria 5 2.1.1 FormationofFlames 6 2.1.2 CourseofFire 7 2.1.3 CharacteristicsofFireBehavior 9 2.2 EssentialFireScenarios 21 2.2.1 Pyrolysis 21 2.2.2 OxidativeDecomposition 22 2.2.3 PropagationofaSelf-sustainedSmolderingFire 24 2.2.4 FullyDevelopedFirewithaFlashoverSituation 28 3 ResearchofCausesofFires 35 3.1 GeneralExperienceofFireStatistics 35 3.2 KnowledgeofFireRisks 37 3.3 ExperiencewithFireSpread–Fire-DetectionUnitsandSprinklers 46 3.4 TheTimeoftheFireInitiationasaClassificationCriterion 55 4 PreventiveFireProtection–NationalRequirementand ClassificationSystems 57 4.1 BuildingSection 60 4.1.1 UnitedStatesofAmerica 62 4.1.2 EuropeanRequirementandClassificationProfiles 73 4.1.3 EasternEuropeandFarEast 104 4.1.4 InternationalStandardisation–EuropeanHarmonisation 112 4.2 FurnitureandFurnishing 121 4.2.1 AmericanTestingandEvaluationCriteria 121 4.2.2 EuropeanTestandEvaluationCriteria 125 4.2.3 FarEast,e.g.Australia 132 4.3 Transportation 133 4.3.1 RoadTraffic 133 4.3.2 AviationSector 134 4.3.3 ShipbuildingSector 137 PolyurethaneandFire.FranzH.PragerandHelmutRosteck Copyright©2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30805-9 VI TableofContents 4.3.4 RailwaySector 140 4.4 ElectricalEngineering 146 4.4.2 ProofoftheResistanceagainstOverheated(HotandGlowing) Wiring 148 4.4.3 ThermalStresswithFlames 152 4.4.4 SideEffectsofaFire 154 5 Material-specificFire-PerformanceCharacteristicsofPUR 157 5.1 PolyurethaneProduction 157 5.2 RiskofIgnitionintheProductionandStorageArea 161 5.2.1 PURRawMaterials–BasicCharacteristics 161 5.2.2 LaboratoryResearchWorkwiththeTewarsonApparatus 163 5.2.3 DrumTestsandSupplementaryPool-FireExperiments 165 5.3 Polyurethanes 176 5.3.1 Material-relatedIgnitingRisksofPolyurethanes 177 5.3.2 Material-specificBurningBehaviorofPolyurethanes 193 6 UseandInterpretationofPUR-TestResults DeterminedunderEnduseConditions 267 6.1 RelevanceofCombustionSystems 267 6.1.1 RelevanceoftheProceduresfortheRiskofIgnition 268 6.1.2 RelevanceoftheProceduresfortheAssessmentoftheSide EffectsofaFire 306 6.2 RelevanceoftheEvaluationCriteria 366 6.2.1 RiskofIgnition 368 6.2.2 BurningDripping 371 6.2.3 RelevanceoftheCriteriafortheEvaluationoftheHeatRelease 371 6.2.4 RelevanceoftheEvaluationCriteriaoftheSmokePotential 378 6.3 RelevanceoftheRequirementProfiles 417 6.3.1 RelevanceofFull-scaleFieldTrials 422 6.3.2 RelevanceoftheInvestigationResultsConcerningthe CauseofFires 441 6.3.3 OrdersConcerningtheRiskofIgnition 452 6.3.4 DemandsConcerningtheHeatandFire-GasLiberation 458 Summary 473 References 477 Abbreviationslist 491 Normlist 495 Index 501 1 1 Introduction Thisbookgivesadviceoftherelevanceofthemostimportantcharacteristicsoffire reactiontestinginthevariousnationalandinternationallaboratory,benchscaleand largescalefirereactiontestmethods.Adetailedanalysisisgivenconcerningthefire hazardandthecharacteristicsignitability,flamespreadandsideeffectslikeburning dripping,heatandsmokereleaserate.Thevariousfacetsoffirereactiontestingand evaluation/classificationsystemsarehandledonthebasisofmeaningfulfirestatistic recordsontheexampleofflexibleandrigidpolyurethanefoamsandrawmaterialas well.Itisfact,thatmostlivesbeinglostthroughfiresoccurringinthehome,espe- ciallybyselfsustainedsmolderingfiresinitiatedbysmokersmaterial.Becauseigni- tionisthestartofthefire,itisnecessarytoknowhowfiresstartandtobeabletopre- vent starting a fire, to get the knowledge to reduce the chance of starting a fire. Advice is given, that a risk-relevant estimation needs the linkage to meaningful decomposition models and risk-relevant assessment criteria. The prediction of fire hazard by mathematical modelling has been advanced to a great extent during the lastdecades,veryhelpfulforfiresciencebutstillnotvalidforregulatorypurposes. Thelimitationofpurematerialdataandtheneedforclassificationcriteriarelatedto enduseconditionsisdemonstrated. Thetemperaturehistoryandthesmolderingpropagationrateareveryimportant parametersfortheconcentrationofsmoke,whichistheamountofsmokeproduced inafiremixedwithairanddistributedintheendangeredvolume. Thenumberofpublicationsconcerningfiretestingandfireresearchhasconsider- ablyincreasedduringrecentyears.Ingeneral,onlylimitedaspectsoffireareconsid- ered, because of the complexity of the fire phenomena. The numerous results and theextensiveresearchshowtheimportanceofthesetopicsfortheprotectionofper- sonsandproperties.Thebasicrequirementsoffireprevention,whichguaranteepri- oritytothefireprotectionofpeople,canbeoptimizedifthefindingsofthefirestatis- ticsandtheoutcomeofnaturalfiresareproperlyconsidered.Becauseoffiredisas- ters,fireresearchisorientatedasaruletowardsthetwokeyquestions: Haveexistingrequirementsbeenviolated?and Havethelegalrequirementsbeenupdatedandadopted? Asarulenofundamentalexaminationoftherelevance oftestingandevaluating criteriafortheestimationofdangertakesplace. The key question of every preventive fire-safety action should be whether labora- torytestproceduresareabletosimulatethemain/mostimportantfirescenariosand PolyurethaneandFire.FranzH.PragerandHelmutRosteck Copyright©2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30805-9 2 1 Introduction todeterminetherelevanceofthecharacteristicfirescenarios.Theimportanceofthis questionincreasedallthemoreaslarge-scaleinvestigationsareevidencethatlabora- tory testsdo notdelivermeaningful results. Basedontheoutcome ofrelevantfire- statisticsdataaswellasonthefindingsoffiredisasters,themostusedfire-reaction tests including classification systems/criteria are discussed in detail. The signifi- canceoftherequirementsconcerningthereactiontofireparameterswillnotbefully discussedduetomajorinputslikeshapeandarrangement,ventilationandpossibly thermalfeedbackeffects.Thelatter,preheatingeffects,willbemoredominantthan material-relateddata.Thepossiblereductionofvisibilitybythermaldecomposition productswillalsobeakeyaspectaswillthedangerofthetoxicandcorrosiveacting effluents. Whilethepurematerial-relatedclassificationisgiveninallsectionsofthedesign constructionpartofaneffectivequalitycontrolandmeaningfulsupplyarrangement, the safety requirements are dominated by realistic tests under enduse conditions. The adherence of preventive fire requirements to pure material test procedures neglects any safety aspects that have been recommended, e.g. by the commissions final report [1]. The proposed harmonized European fire-reaction test procedures andclassificationcriteriawill,inthefuture,applytothemajorityandalsotoprod- ucts classifications and material-related classifications. Neither the regulation nor theassurancefire-reactiontestdatawillbedominatedbyrealisticriskevaluation. 3 2 Fire-Protection Problems Duetoextraordinaryfiredisasters,asdemonstratedbyFig.1,meaningful,effective preventive and defensive life prevention measures have to be cogently recorded. Burningtheatres,cinemas,dancehallsandproductsaswellasaeroplanesandships, etc.andespeciallyspectacularfiresofhigh-risebuildingshaveproventhatsaferes- cue ways are the key problem [2–8]. The basic requirements of the building codes accordingtoTable1havebeenacceptedworldwideforallfieldsofhumanlife. Table1 Basicfireprotectionrequirements > Theoccurrenceoffiremustbeprevented > Thespreadoffireandsmokemustbeprevented > Emergencyservicesandfire–extinguishingmeasurementmustbepossible Figure1 SkyscraperFireSaoPaulo PolyurethaneandFire.FranzH.PragerandHelmutRosteck Copyright©2006WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:3-527-30805-9 4 2 Fire-ProtectionProblems Theydemonstratehowfarpreventivemeasuresandfireprecautionscanguarantee sufficientsafetyforallfieldsofhumanlifeinthecaseofafire.Thesebasicrequire- ments will deal sufficiently with all aspects, if the measurements of the preventive firesafetyinthedevelopingstageofthefireguaranteeahighresistanceagainstpos- sible ignition sources and the danger of fire spread is minimized. Safety require- mentsoftendependonthenegativeexperiencesofthecommunity.Thereforethey will be associated with actual fire disasters. This is why the basis of regulatary requirementsisnotacommonframeworkbutatailor-madesolutiondependingon theactualfiresituation. Weakpointswithinthissafetyconceptaretheintentionstoapproachasolutionby preselectivetesting.Thecomplexityofthewholefire-safetyproblemwillbegenerally neglected. Since the actual fire case requires ad hoc solutions, the results of time- consumingbasicinvestigationscannotbeawaited.Withthepresentationofthead hoctestresultsthepoliticalpressureforbasicinvestigationswillbeavoided,insofar asappropriatesolutionscannotbeawaitedduetothecomplexity.Thevarietyofthe fire-safetyrequirementscanbesufficientlymetifthetestandsafetyconceptscanbe adjusted to the findings of actual fire statistics. Within harmonized research pro- grams,thepotentialriskshavetobeinvestigatedandtheresultanttestrequirements derived.Rareexpecteddisastershavetobeexcludedandhazardswithinthehigh-risk areasonlytakenintoaccountfortheworstcase.Theproblemofsmoketoxicityhas becomethefocusofthepublicdiscussionwithinrecentyears.Thesecondessential requirementoftheplanned,harmonizedfurnitureregulation[9]isoneoftheserea- sons.Thediscussionreferringtothisisgoingonwithquitevariedarguments.One sideisarguingthatthefireeffluentsofmodernplasticmaterialsarepoisonousand the opposition is arguing that decomposition products are totally nontoxic. Both sidesarenotinlinewithreality,becauseincompletecombustionalwaysguarantees toxiccompounds.Therangeofpossibleriskswillbeafunctionofthedevelopinggas concentration, a fact that has been already stated by Paracelsus with: “The dose is responsibleforthepoison”.Generalisationwithoutanyspecificscientificproofdoes nothavescientificvalueandisthereforenotvalidforthebasisofregulatoryrequire- ments.Consolidatedfinalconclusionshavetobepredictedonthebasisofadetailed riskanalysisandhazard.Thetermsriskandhazardgiveevidencetothegapbetween safetyanddanger.Thetermriskwillbeusedtoindicatethecombinationofthelike- lihoodofafireprobability andthefirehazards.Requirementsconcerningpossible danger by smoke production will normally be defined on the basis of nonrelated facts.Theinterplayoftheproductionofeffluentswiththeimportantfire-reactioncri- teriaisasaruleneglected.Therelevanceofthechosendecompositionmodelswith regardtothespecificfirescenariosisalsoneglected.Anextensiveevaluationofthe relevantfindingsgivesevidencethatthedangertohumansbysmokeinhalationwill be of particular importance/significance in the case of a fire. If these effluents are beingproducedoveralongerperiodoftime,e.g.undersmolderingconditionsorby a flashoversituation,e.g. by fiercely burning withforceddecomposition producing largeamountsofeffluents.Underbothconditions,thetimestolethalconcentrations arereachedwillbesignificantlyinfluencedbytheventilationconditions.The“expo- suretime”hasnoimportancewithregardtothereductionofvisibility.Thedanger-
The list of books you might like
