Polysaccharides: Bioactivity and Biotechnology

2234 Pages·2015·47.45 MB·English

by  Kishan Gopal Ramawat

Kishan Gopal Ramawat
Jean-Michel Mérillon
Editors
Polysaccharides
Bioactivity and Biotechnology
1 3
Reference
Polysaccharides

Kishan Gopal Ramawat
Jean-Michel Me´rillon
Editors
Polysaccharides
Bioactivity and Biotechnology
With488Figuresand154Tables
Editors
KishanGopalRamawat Jean-MichelMe´rillon
BotanyDepartment Grouped’EtudedesSubstancesVe´ge´talesà
M.L.SukhadiaUniversity Activite´Biologique
Udaipur,India Universite´deBordeaux,Institutdes
SciencesdelaVigneetduVin
Villenaved’Ornon,France
ISBN978-3-319-16297-3 ISBN978-3-319-16298-0(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-16299-7(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015941889
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Wearepleasedtopresentathreevolumetreatiseon“Polysaccharides:Bioactivity
andBiotechnology.”Polysaccharidesarepresentthroughouttheplantkingdomand
involvedinvariousbiologicalprocessesincludingdefensefortheplantandmany
usefulapplicationsforhumanwelfare.
This work on polysaccharides is a reference work providing state-of-the-art
knowledge composed by highly renowned scientists in their field. The book aims
topresentcomprehensive,up-to-date,andwell-establishedinformationaboutcom-
plex and astonishing structures, properties, and biotechnological applications of
polysaccharides and their upcoming industrial applications. The book will be a
valuable source on polysaccharides to those working in the field of industrial
productionandbiotechnologydevelopment.Polysaccharidesareaclassofimpor-
tantbiomacromolecules,withcomplexstructuresandvariousfunctionalactivities.
Polysaccharides are extremely common and wide-spread in nature, with cellulose
asthemostcommonandabundantorganiccompoundontheplanet.Itisbelieved
thatthesecondmostcommonpolysaccharideintheworldaftercelluloseischitin.
Chitinistoshellfishwhatcelluloseistotrees.Thisisaverytimelycompilationof
recentdevelopmentsaboutpolysaccharidesasnobookisavailableinthisformat.
These polysaccharides find many uses: cf. for example the significant role of
cellulose in the paper and textile industries, as a feedstock for the production of
rayon (via the viscose process), cellulose acetate, celluloid, and nitrocellulose; as
surgical threads (chitin), as sources of energy, dietary fibers, as a blood flow
adjuvant; cosmetics, emulsion stabilizer, film former, binder, viscosity increasing
agent,andskinconditioningagent;directfoodadditivesingumsandchewinggum
bases; and as vaccines. Many polysaccharides have been developed into useful
products,includingxanthangum,dextran,welangum,gellangum,diutangum,and
pullulan.
This comprehensive and thoroughly up-to-date reference book presents the
sources,identification,methodsofanalysis,biosynthesis,biotechnology,andappli-
cations of important polysaccharides likes starches, cellulose, chitin, gum, and
microbialpolysaccharides.Polysaccharideshavereceivedmuchattentionrecently
becauseoftheemergenceofdifferentbiologicalactivities,suchasimmunomodu-
latory, antibacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-ulcer,
antidepressant, antisepticemic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.
v
vi Preface
New industrial applications in pharmaceutical and medical sciences are being
developed. Due to these properties and benefits, a vast body of data is being
generated.
Thevariouspolysaccharidesconstituteimportantclassesofbiologicalpolymers,
whicharedealtwithinthesevolumes.Thehandbookisdividedinseveralsections
toencompasstheentirespectrumofdevelopmentsinthisfield:PartI.Biologyand
Biotechnology: occurrence, structure, distribution and biotechnology (bacterial
polysaccharides,fungalpolysaccharides,polysaccharidesfromlowerplants,poly-
saccharides from higher plants including gums), biosynthesis of polysaccharides,
applications in biotechnology, production by fermentation, biopolymers from
marineprokaryotes,carrageenan,dextrans,polysaccharidenanocrystals,andmod-
ified gums in drug delivery. Part II. Food: structural (pectins, cellulose, xylans,
gum, gumexudates, glycosamines), storage (starch, glycogens, fructans, minor
polysaccharides), marine polysaccharides (alginate and brown sea weeds, carra-
geenan,andredseaweeds;agar,agarose,chitosan,andchitinderivatives),bacterial
andsyntheticpolysaccharides (dextrans, cyclodextrins,gellans,xanthan,pullulan,
etc.), polysaccharides from edible plant parts, and as functional foods. Part III.
Methods:Extraction,identification,quantification,assays,andemergingtechnolo-
gies.PartIV.Bioactivity:applicationsinmedicine,immunostimulant,polysaccha-
ridesfromalgal,aloe,brownseaweeds,fructus,ganoderma,medicinalmushrooms,
scleroderma,andtheirbiologicalactivity.Mostofthechaptersarewellillustrated,
manyofthemincolor,forthebenefitofthereaders.Acomprehensiveindexsection
willassistinnavigatingthroughthisbookwhensearchingforspecifictopics.
Well recognized international specialists in their respective fields of research
havecontributedthesechapters.Thisbookwillbeusefultoeverybodyworkingin
the field of botany, phytochemistry, pharmacy, drug delivery, molecular biology,
forestry, biotechnology, and industrial/food and medical products. This work is
arrangedin73wellillustratedchapters.
Because of the voluminous work for the treatise, this project was spread over
almost2years,fromconcepttoprint.Wewouldliketoacknowledgecooperation,
patience, and support of our contributors who have put their serious efforts to
ensurethehighscientificqualityofthisbookwithup-to-dateinformation.
This work could not have been completed without active support of Springer
team who took pains in streamlining the production process. We are particularly
indebtedtoDrs.TobiasWassermann,SylviaBlago,andStephanieH€uglerfortheir
continuous support from the very inception of the project. Our final and most
heartfelt thanks we want to give to our wives Marie-Claude Me´rillon and Manju
Ramawat,whohavesupportedusduringtheentireperiodofthisbookproject.
March2015 J.M.Me´rillon
K.G.Ramawat
Contents
Volume 1
PartI BiologyandBiotechnology ........................... 1
1 PlantCellWallPolysaccharides:StructureandBiosynthesis .... 3
MichaelA.Held,NanJiang,DebaratiBasu,AllanM.Showalter,and
AhmedFaik
2 CellWallEvolutionandDiversity ......................... 55
DavidS.Domozych
3 BacterialPolysaccharides:AnOverview .................... 81
SwatiMisra,VarshaSharma,andAshokKumarSrivastava
4 AlgalPolysaccharidesandHealth ......................... 109
LadislavaMisˇurcová,JanaOrsavová,andJarmilaVávraAmbrozˇová
5 PolysaccharidesfromLowerPlants:Bryophytes ............. 145
LauraKlavina
6 MicrobialProductionofExtracellularPolysaccharidesfrom
BiomassSources ....................................... 161
EmrahO¨zcanandEbruToksoyO¨ner
7 TreeGum:GumKondagogu ............................. 185
RaoBeeduSashidhar,D.Raju,andRasineniKaruna
8 Chitosan ............................................. 219
SurinderP.Chawla,SweetieR.Kanatt,andA.K.Sharma
9 Cyclodextrins ......................................... 247
Andre´ SáCouto,PauloSalu´stio,andHelenaCabral-Marques
10 CellulosicBiomaterials .................................. 289
HolgerWondraczekandThomasHeinze
vii
viii Contents
11 StarchMetabolisminGreenPlants ........................ 329
MariaV.Busi,DiegoF.Gomez-Casati,MarianaMart´ın,
JulietaBarchiesi,MauricioJ.Grisol´ıa,NicolásHed´ın,and
JulietaB.Carrillo
12 FungalCultivationandProductionofPolysaccharides ......... 377
CarlaMa´ısaCamelini,MárcioJose´ Rossi,FrancielleT.G.S.
Cardozo,A.Gomes,CeciSales-Campos,andAdmirJ.Giachini
13 StarchandNanoparticle ................................. 417
AlainDufresne
14 PolysaccharideProductionbySubmergedFermentation ....... 451
O´scarJ.Sánchez,SandraMontoya,andLilianaM.Vargas
15 CellulosefromLignocellulosicWaste ....................... 475
MicheleMichelin,He´ctorA.Ruiz,DanielP.Silva,DeniseS.Ruzene,
Jose´ A.Teixeira,andMariaLourdesT.M.Polizeli
16 SugarcaneStrawandItsCellulosicFractionasRawMaterials
forObtainmentofTextileFibersandOtherBioproducts ....... 513
SirleneM.Costa,Andre´ Aguiar,SandraM.Luz,
AdalbertoPessoa,andSilgiaA.Costa
17 EndogenousHydrolyzingEnzymes:Isolation,Characterization,
andApplicationsinBiologicalProcesses .................... 535
WaleedAhmadKhattak,MazharUl-Islam,
MuhammadWajidUllah,ShaukatKhan,andJoongKonPark
18 ProductionofPullulanbyMicrobialFermentation ........... 581
VenkatachalamPonnusamiandVaradarajanGunasekar
19 BiosynthesisofExtracellularMatrixComponents,
Glycosaminoglycans,Proteoglycans,Collagens,Elastinand
StructuralGlycoproteins ................................ 597
LeslieRobert
20 PolysaccharidesfromBioagro-WasteforNewBiomolecules .... 603
PaolaDiDonato,AnnaritaPoli,ValentinaTaurisano,and
BarbaraNicolaus
Volume 2
PartII Food ........................................... 639
21 GumofProsopis/AcaciaSpecies ........................... 641
YolandaL.Lo´pez-Franco,FranciscoM.Gooycolea,and
JaimeLizardi-Mendoza
22 ResistantStarchinFoodIndustry ......................... 663
LeylaKhaliliandAmirAmini
Contents ix
23 InulinandHealthBenefits ............................... 675
MatthiasMoser,AnkeSentko,andHe´le`neAlexiou
24 ActiveEdibleandBiodegradableStarchFilms ............... 717
LauraSánchez-González,ElmiraArab-Tehrany,MaiteCháfer,
CheloGonzález-Mart´ınez,andAmparoChiralt
25 DextranandFoodApplication ............................ 735
DaminiKothari,DeeplinaDas,SeemaPatel,andArunGoyal
26 GalactansandItsApplications ............................ 753
GuillaumePierre,Ce´dricDelattre,Ce´lineLaroche,andPhilippeMichaud
27 FunctionalComponentsinZizyphuswithEmphasison
Polysaccharides ........................................ 795
TsaiHuaKaoandBingHueiChen
28 Chitosan-BasedEdibleFilms ............................. 829
MaherZ.Elsabee
29 CharacterizationofPsyllium(Plantagoovata)Polysaccharide
andItsUses ........................................... 871
AshwiniR.Madgulkar,MonicaR.P.Rao,andDeepaWarrier
30 DietaryFiberandPrebiotics ............................. 891
WernerPraznik,RenateLoeppert,HelmutViernstein,
AlexanderG.Haslberger,andFrankM.Unger
31 Polysaccharide-ProteinComplexesfromEdibleFungiand
Applications .......................................... 927
Jian-YongWu
32 OligosaccharidesfromBotrytiscinereaandElicitationof
GrapevineDefense ..................................... 939
CassandrineSaigne-Soulard,AssiaAbdelli-Belhadj,Marie
Te´lef-Micouleau,Je´roˆmeBouscaut,Ste´phanieCluzet,
Marie-FranceCorio-Costet,andJean-MichelMe´rillon
33 PhysicalPropertiesofInulinandTechnologicalApplications ... 959
Ce´sarLeyva-Porras,AnaL.Lo´pez-Pablos,ClaudiaAlvarez-Salas,
Jose´ Pe´rez-Urizar,andZenaidaSaavedra-Leos
PartIII Methods ........................................ 985
34 Microwave-AssistedExtractionofPolysaccharides ............ 987
AnaCristinaSoria,LauraRuiz-Aceituno,LourdesRamos,and
LuzMariaSanz
35 PreparationandCharacterizationofPolysaccharidesfrom
Mushrooms ........................................... 1009
FengmeiZhu,BinDu,andBaojunXu