Polypropylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

375 Pages·2018·5.549 MB·English

by  Visakh P. M., Matheus Poletto

Polypropylene-Based
Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Polypropylene-Based
Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites
Edited by
Visakh. P. M. and Matheus Poletto
This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-28356-0
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges
and Opportunities 1
Visakh. P. M.
1.1 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 1
1.2 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 3
1.3 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites
and Bionanocomposites 5
1.4 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 6
1.5 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of 
Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 7
1.6 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 9
1.7 Polypropylene/Plant-Based Fiber Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 10
1.8 Polypropylene Composite with Oil Palm Fibers: Method
Development, Properties and Application 12
1.9 Interfacial Modification of Polypropylene-Based
Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 13
References 14
2 Polypropylene (PP)/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 23
Md. Minhaz-Ul Haque
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 PP/Cellulose-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 24
v
vi Contents
2.2.1 Preparation 24
2.2.1.1 Biocomposites Preparation 27
2.2.1.2 Bionanocomposites Preparation 28
2.2.2 Characterization 31
2.2.2.1 Thermal Characterizations 31
2.2.2.2 Morphological Characterizations 34
2.2.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction 36
2.2.2.4 Rheological Characterizations 39
2.2.2.5 Viscoelastic Characterizations 40
2.2.2.6 Electrical Characterizations 41
2.2.2.7 Mechanical Characterizations 42
2.2.3 Applications 44
2.2.3.1 Automotive Applications 44
2.2.3.2 Packaging Applications 44
2.2.3.3 Structural Applications 45
2.2.3.4 Fire Retardant Applications 45
2.2.3.5 Electrical and Electronic Applications 46
2.3 Conclusion 46
References 47
3 Polypropylene (PP)/Starch-Based Biocomposites
and Bionanocomposites 55
Saviour A. Umoren and Moses M. Solomon
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 PP/Starch Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 57
3.2.1 Preparation 57
3.2.1.1 Mill Processing 58
3.2.1.2 Intermix and Brabender 58
3.2.1.3 Melt Blending 60
3.2.1.4 Extrusion 61
3.2.1.5 Injection Molding 62
3.2.1.6 In-Situ Polymerization Technique 64
3.2.2 Characterizations 65
3.2.2.1 Tensile Characterizations 65
3.2.2.2 Thermal Characteristics 67
3.2.2.3 Morphological Characterizations 69
3.2.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction 69
3.2.2.5 Spectroscopic Characterizations 71
3.2.2.6 Rheological Characterizations 72
3.2.2.7 Viscoelastic Characterizations 72
3.2.2.8 Electrical Characterizations 74
Contents vii
3.2.3 Applications 74
3.2.3.1 Biomedical Applications 74
3.2.3.2 Packaging Applications 75
3.2.3.3 Automotive Applications 75
3.2.3.4 Military Applications 76
3.2.3.5 Coating Industry 76
3.2.3.6 Fire Retardant Applications 77
3.2.3.7 Aerospace Applications 77
3.2.3.8 Optical Applications 78
3.2.3.9 Recycling and Life-Cycle Assessments 78
3.3 Conclusion 79
References 79
4 Polypropylene (PP)/Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites
and Bionanocomposites 85
Xin Wang
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 87
4.2.1 Preparation of PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 87
4.2.1.1 Melt Blending 87
4.2.1.2 Melt Spinning 88
4.2.1.3 Other Methods for PP/PLA Biocomposite
Preparation 89
4.2.2 Morphology, Compatibility and Crystallization
of PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 89
4.2.3 Properties of PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 97
4.2.3.1 Rheological and Viscoelastic Properties 97
4.2.3.2 Electrical Conductivity 98
4.2.3.3 Thermal Properties 99
4.2.3.4 Mechanical Properties 100
4.2.3.5 Gas Barrier Properties 103
4.2.3.6 Fire Retardant Properties 104
4.2.4 Applications of PP/PLA-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 106
4.2.4.1 Biomedical Applications 106
4.2.4.2 Packaging Applications 106
4.2.4.3 Thermal Insulating Applications 106
4.3 Conclusion 107
References 108
viii Contents
5 Polypropylene (PP)-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 113
Svetlana Butylina
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 116
5.2.1 Preparation 116
5.2.2 Characterization 120
5.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties of PP-Based
Hybrid Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 120
5.2.2.2 Thermal Properties of PP-Based Hybrid
Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites 127
5.2.2.3 Weathering Properties or Durability of
Hybrid PP-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 131
5.2.2.4 Flammability or Fire Performance of
PP-Based Hybrid Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 136
5.2.3 Applications 140
5.3 Conclusion 141
References 141
6 Biodegradation and Flame Retardancy of
Polypropylene-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 145
S. Butylina and I. Turku
6.1 Biodegradability of PP-Based Biocomposites and
Bionanocomposites 146
6.1.1 Conclusions 153
6.2 Flame Retardancy of Polypropylene-Based Composites
and Nanocomposites 154
6.2.1 Bionanocomposites 163
6.3 Conclusions 171
References 171
7 Polypropylene Single-Polymer Composites 177
Jian Wang
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Preparation Principles for PP SPCs 180
7.2.1 Selective Melting 180
7.2.2 Overheating 182
7.2.3 Copolymers 183