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1 3 5 0 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES P P POLYMERS IN O O L L Y VOLUME 1350 Y M M E THERAPEUTIC E R R S S I N DELIVERY T POLYMER-BASED GENE AND DRUG H E DELIVERY SYSTEMS R A P E The delivery of genes and drugs remains an active research area, with new U challenges arising from the need to deliver specialized cargo, including T I C antibodies, peptides, proteins and oligonucleotides and the need of reaching D desired release profiles. Polymer-based systems hold great promise, as E polymers can be designed and modified to meet new challenges. Front- L I V line investigators describe polymer systems, such as polyethylenimine, E poly(thioether anhydrides), stimuli-responsive hydrogels, and metal-organic R Y nanomaterials, to deliver specific therapeutics, such as genetic materials and anticancer drugs, in controlled manners. Polymer chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, material chemists, and other researchers will find this collection valuable for their research. PUBLISHED BY THE American Chemical Society SPONSORED BY THE ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc. FUJIWARA, LIU, F OHYA & WANG U eJ tIW a lA . R A Polymers in Therapeutic Delivery 1350 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES Polymers in Therapeutic Delivery Tomoko Fujiwara,Editor The University of Memphis Memphis, Tennessee X. Michael Liu,Editor Glaukos Corporation San Clemente, California Yuichi Ohya,Editor Kansai University Osaka, Japan Yongmei Wang,Editor The University of Memphis Memphis, Tennessee Sponsored by the ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fujiwara, Tomoko, editor. | Liu, X. Michael, editor. | Ohya, Yuichi, editor. | Wang, Yongmei, editor. Title: Polymers in therapeutic delivery / Tomoko Fujiwara, editor, the University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, X. Michael Liu, editor, Glaukos Corporation, San Clemente, California, Yuichi Ohya, editor, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan, Yongmei Wang, editor, the University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee. Description: Washington, DC : American Chemical Society, [2020] | Series: ACS symposium series ; 1350 | "Sponsored by the ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc" | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: "This book is about Polymers in Therapeutic Delivery"-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020019070 (print) | LCCN 2020019071 (ebook) | ISBN 9780841238145 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780841298996 (ebook other) Subjects: LCSH: Polymeric drug delivery systems. | Polymeric drugs. Classification: LCC RS201.P65 P66 2020 (print) | LCC RS201.P65 (ebook) | DDC 615.1--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020019070 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020019071 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNationalStandardforInformation Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48n1984. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society AllRightsReserved.ReprographiccopyingbeyondthatpermittedbySections107or108oftheU.S.CopyrightAct isallowedforinternaluseonly,providedthataper-chapterfeeof$40.25plus$0.75perpageispaidtotheCopyright ClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,USA.Republicationorreproductionforsaleofpagesin thisbookispermittedonlyunderlicensefromACS.DirecttheseandotherpermissionrequeststoACSCopyrightOffice, Publications Division, 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Thecitationoftradenamesand/ornamesofmanufacturersinthispublicationisnottobeconstruedasanendorsementor asapprovalbyACSofthecommercialproductsorservicesreferencedherein;norshouldthemerereferencehereintoany drawing,specification,chemicalprocess,orotherdataberegardedasalicenseorasaconveyanceofanyrightorpermission totheholder,reader,oranyotherpersonorcorporation,tomanufacture,reproduce,use,orsellanypatentedinventionor copyrightedworkthatmayinanywayberelatedthereto.Registerednames,trademarks,etc.,usedinthispublication,even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Foreword TheACSSymposiumSeriesisanestablishedprogramthatpublisheshigh-qualityvolumesof thematicmanuscripts.Forover40years,theACSSymposiumSerieshasbeendeliveringessential research from world leading scientists, including 36 Chemistry Nobel Laureates, to audiences spanning disciplines and applications. BooksaredevelopedfromsuccessfulsymposiasponsoredbytheACSorotherorganizations. Topics span the entirety of chemistry, including applications, basic research, and interdisciplinary reviews. Beforeagreeingtopublishabook,prospectiveeditorssubmitaproposal,includingatableof contents. The proposal is reviewed for originality, coverage, and interest to the audience. Some manuscripts may be excluded to better focus the book; others may be added to aid comprehensiveness. All chapters are peer reviewed prior to final acceptance or rejection. Asarule,onlyoriginalresearchpapersandoriginalreviewpapersareincludedinthevolumes. Verbatim reproductions of previous published papers are not accepted. ACS Books Contents Preface.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   ix 1. A Polymer Physics Perspective on Why PEI Is an Effective Nonviral Gene Delivery Vector.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   1 Caleb Gallops, Jesse Ziebarth, and Yongmei Wang 2. Comparison of In Vitro Performances of Nanorod and Nanofiber Polyplexes Prepared from Plasmid DNA and Poly(L-lysine) Terminally Bearing Multi-Arm PEG 13 Ryuta Aono, Kenta Nomura, Eiji Yuba, and Atsushi Harada 3. A Novel Polysaccharide Carrier for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides to β-Glucan Receptors.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   23 Noriko Miyamoto, Shinichi Mochizuki, Nobuaki Fujiwara, Hiroto Izumi, and Kazuo Sakurai 4. Sustained Drug-Releasing Systems Using Temperature-Responsive Injectable Polymers Containing Liposomes.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   35 Yuta Yoshizaki, Hiroki Yamamoto, Akinori Kuzuya, and Yuichi Ohya 5. Design of Stimuli-Responsive Polyampholytes and Their Transformation into Micro- Hydrogels for Drug Delivery.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   47 Robin Rajan, Nathapong Pangkom, and Kazuaki Matsumura 6. Cellular Delivery of Hoechst 33342 Anticancer Drug from Crosslinked Poly(thioether anhydrides): A Cytotoxicity and Efficacy Study.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   63 Halimatu S. Mohammed, Damien S. K. Samways, and Devon A. Shipp 7. Metal–Organic Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   79 Chung-Hui Huang, Pengyu Chen, X. Michael Liu, and Feng Li Editors’ Biographies.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .   97 Indexes Author Index.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  101 Subject Index.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  103 vii Preface InApril2019,theeditorsorganizedasymposiumon“Polymer-basedGeneandDrugDelivery” attheAmericanChemicalSocietyNationalMeetinginOrlando,Florida.Geneanddrugdelivery remainanactiveresearcharea,withnewchallengesarisingfromtheneedfordeliveryofavariety ofdifferenttypesofdrugsincludingantibodies,peptides,proteins,andoligonucleotides.Polymer- basedsystemsholdgreatpromiseaspolymerscanbedesignedandmodifiedtomeetnewchallenges. The symposium had over 40 oral presentations and over 10 poster presentations, with speakers fromEurope,Japan,Canada,China,andtheUS.Thesessioninvitedpresentersfromindustryand academiawhoarepushingtheever-changingfieldofgeneanddrugdelivery,includingnewprogress inenhancingbioavailability,strategiestominimizeimmunogenicity,andvariousdeliveriessystems forregenerativemedicine,genetherapy,andcelltherapy.Thecollectedchaptersinthisbookreflect some of the presented works. The first three chapters focus on gene delivery. Positively charged polymers can facilitate the delivery of negatively charged genetic materials into cells through the formation of a polyplex. Successfulgenedelivery,however,needstoovercomeseveralbarriersduringthedeliveryprocess. Chapter1presentsmolecularsimulationsthatlookintowhypolyethyleneimine(PEI)isasuccessful nonviralgenedeliveryvector.PEIwasthefirstreportednonviralgenedeliveryvectorthathadhigh transfection efficiency, a feature that has been attributed to the proton sponge effect. Molecular simulationsinvestigatedthepresumedprotonspongeeffectandshowedthatPEIpossessesunique chemical/structural changes that could assist in the successful delivery of genetic materials. The following chapter (Chapter 2) discusses how polyplex shape impacts uptake and transfection efficiencyduringgenedelivery.Inthisstudy,theauthorsusemulti-armPEGylatedpoly(L-lysine) (PLL)blockcopolymerstocontrolthemorphologyofthepolyplexfromnanorodtonanofiber.Itis shownthat,althoughthecellularuptakeofnanofibersislessthanthatofnanorods,thetransfection efficiency of nanofibers and nanorods are comparable. It is further discussed that this is due to thedifferenceinthedissociationandaccessibilityofgeneticmaterialsfortranslationuponcellular uptake. The real-time polymerase chain reaction confirms that genetic materials have a higher reactivity in nanofibers than in nanorods. This is followed by another chapter (Chapter 3) where genetic materials are delivered, not by the usual polycations that form polyplexes with genetic materialsthroughelectrostaticattractions,butbycomplexationwithanovelpolysaccharide,β-1,3- D-glucan schizophyllan (SPG), through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. SPG consists of triple helices which can dissociate and reassociate from the three single helices. It is shown that SPG can form complexes with homopolynucleotides such as poly(dA) or poly(dC). Thispropertyisutilizedtodelivertherapeuticantisenseoligonucleotidetothecellswithβ-glucan receptors. The next four chapters focus on recent innovation and advances in drug delivery systems. Amongvariousdrugdeliverysystems(Chapter4),hydrogelsareattractivesystemsastheycanbe implanted with loaded drugs to reach specific targeted sites and release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. The hydrogels used for such applications should be biocompatible and biodegradablewithminimaltoxicityandshouldalsopossessdesirabledrugreleaseprofilesovera ix

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