Polymers as Biomaterials

383 Pages·1985·12.592 MB·English

by  Christian Braud, Michel Vert (auth.), Shalaby W. Shalaby, Allan S. Hoffman, Buddy D. Ratner, Thomas A. Horbett (eds.)

POLYMERS
AS BIOMATERIALS
POLYMERS
AS BIOMATERIALS
Edited by
Shalaby W. Shalaby
ETHICON, Inc.
A Johnson & Johnson Company
Somerville, New Jersey
Allan S. Hoffman
Buddy D. Ratner
and
Thomas A. Horbett
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Polymers as biomaterials.
"Proceedings of a symposium on polymers as biomaterials, held March 22 - 25,
1983, at the American Chemical Society meeting in Seattle, Washington"-T.p.
verso.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Polymers in medicine-Congresses. 2. Polymers in medicine-Physiological ef
fect-Congresses. 3. Colloids in medicine-Congresses. 4. Drugs-Vehicles
Congresses. I. Shalaby, Shalaby W. II. American Chemical Society. Meeting
(185th: 1983: Seattle, Wash.)
R857. P6P6 1985 610' .28 84-20666
ISBN-l3: 978-1-4612-9480-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2433-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2433-1
Proceedings of a symposium on Polymers as Biomaterials, held March 22-25, 1983,
at the American Chemical Society meeting in Seattle, Washington
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10 01 3
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, micrafilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Nearly 4000 years ago, the Egyptians used linen, a natural
polymeric material, for suturing wounds. About 600 B.C., the
Indians used other forms of natural polymers such as cotton, horse
hair, and leather in repairing wounds. Wound closure procedures
using silk sutures, based mostly on polypeptides, are likely to
have been practiced during the second century.
Surgical application of natural polymers continued to represent
the major use of polymers until the twentieth century. Not too long
after the development of several major synthetic polymers, their use
in biomedical applications has attracted the attention of many re
searchers and clinicians. Over the past few years, interest in the
biomedical applications of polymers has grown considerably. This
has been the result of the inevitable collaborative efforts of in
novative materials scientists, engineers and clinicians. The es
tablishment of the Society for Biomaterials, in our opinion, cata
lyzed the growing interest in the use of polymers for biomedical
application.
In a major effort to bring team players even closer, a five-day
symposium on "Polymers as Biomaterials" was held in Seattle, Washing
ton, in March, 1983 as part of the national meeting of the American
Chemical Society. The symposium was designed to provide a forum for
communicating technical and clinical data to colleagues with a broad
spectrum of interest in the biomedical applications of polymers.
This volume represents most of the symposium proceedings and
consists of six sections. Section A describes new and known poly
meric materials and their physico-chemical properties as they pertain
to specific biomedical applications. In Section B, some experimental
aspects of surface characterization and interaction of blood com
ponents with polymeric surfaces are documented. Interaction of
polymeric materials with the biologic environment is used in Section
C to demonstrate the response of polymeric materials to changes in
the surrounding environment and biodegradation of synthetic polymers.
Section D encompasses key interactions of the biologic environment
with polymeric surfaces. Thus, the effects of surface properti es on
v
the behavior of living cells and certain cellular events are em
phasized. Section E is dedicated to the role of polymers in the
development of new, controlled drug delivery systems. The final
section of this volume addresses the release kinetics and transport
through hydrogels and the interaction of their hydrophilic surfaces
with blood components and ionic species of the biologic environment.
This book is designed and certainly hoped to be a valuble
asset to investigators in academic, governmental, and industrial
institutions who intend to be at the forefront of new technologies
relevant to the development of new polymeric materials for known
and novel biomedical applications.
S.W. Shalaby
A.S. Hoffman
B.D. Ratner
T.A. Horbett
CONTENTS
SECTION A
MATERIALS & PROPERTIES
Poly(p-Malic Acid) as a Source of Polyvalent Drug Carriers:
Possible Effects of Hydrophobic Substituents in
Aqueous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Christian Braud and Michael Vert
Polypentapeptide of Elastin as an Elastomeric Biomaterial 17
D. W. Urry, S. A. Wood, R. D. Harris and K. U. Prasad
Development of Non-Thrombogenic Materials . . . . . . 33
J. L. Williams, A. Rumaks and J. P. O'Connell
The Use of Polyacrylates in the Microencapsulation of
Mammalian Cells .............. . 39
F. V. Lamberti, R. Evangelista, M. A. Wheatley,
J. Blysniuk and M. V. Sefton
Melt Spinning of Poly-L-Lactide and Hydrolysis of the
Fiber In Vitro . . . . . . . ." ... 51
S.-H. Hyon; K. Jamshidi and Y. Ikada
Some Morphological Investigations on an Absorbable
Copolymer Biomaterial Based on Glycolic and
Lactic Acid ........... . 67
Brandt K. Carter and Garth L. Wilkes
Structural Identification of CIS-Platinum II
Polyhydrazines ... .--.--. . . . . 93
C. E. Carraher, Jr., T. A. Manek, G. G. Hess,
D. J. Giron, M. L. Trombley and R. J. Linville
vii
Flourescence in Polymers: 2-Diphenylacetyl-l,
3-Indanedione-l-Imine Derivatives in
Polymer Matrices .... . . . . . . . . . 111
C. A. Byrne, E. J. Poziomek, O. I. Kutai, S. L. Suib
and S. J. Huang
SECTION B
SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS
An XPS and SEM Study of Polyurethane Surfaces:
Experimental Considerations ...... . 121
R. W. Paynter, B. D. Ratner and H. R. Thomas
Polymer Surfaces Possessing Minimal Interaction with
Blood Components .............. . 135
Y. Ikada, M. Suzuki and Y. Tamada
Thermodynamic Assessment of Platelet Adhesion to
Polyacrylamide Gels . . . 149
D. R. Absolom, M. H. Foo, W. Zingg and A. W. Neumann
SECTION C
INTERACTION WITH THE BIOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT
Reproducible Response of Certain Polymers to Changes
in the Surrounding Environment ..... 167
Jorge Heller
Mechanism of the Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone 181
P. Jarrett, C. V. Benedict, J. P. Bell,
J. A. Cameron and S. J. Huang
Swelling Behavior of Sensitive Membranes 193
Glu~ose
T. A. Horbett. J. Kost and B. D. Ratner
SECTION D
BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS WITH POLYMERIC SURFACES
Selected Aspects of Cell and Molecular Biology of
In Vivo Biocompatibility .... 209
R. E. Marchant, K. M. Miller, A. Hiltner
and J. M. Anderson
Molecular Design of Materials Having an Ability to
Differentiate Lymphocyte Subpopulations ... 225
Kazunori Kataoka
viii
Attachment of Staphylococci to Various Synthetic Polymers. 241
Anna Ludwicka, B. Jansen, T. Wadstrom, L. M. Switalski,
G. Peters and G. Pulverer
Blood Compatibility of Polyethylene and Oxidized
Polyethylene in a Canine A-V Series Shunt:
Relationship to Surface Properties .... 257
M. D. Lelah, C. A. Jordan, M. E. Pariso,
L. K. Lambrecht, R. M. Albrecht and S. L. Cooper
SECTION E
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Polymer Based Drug Delivery: Magnetically Modulated
and Bioerodible Systems . . . . . . . . . 279
E. R. Edelman, R. J. Linhardt, H. Bobeck, J. Kost,
H. B. Rosen and R. Langer
Oral Sustained Release Drug Delivery System Using
Polymer Film Composites ...... . 293
Sumita B. Mitra
Chemical Characterization of an Immobilized Heparin:
Heparin - PVA . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Cynthia H. Cholakis and Michael V. Sefton
Tumorcidal Activation and Kinetics of Ectoenzyme Production
Elicited by Synthetic Polyanions. • • • • • • . • • •• 317
R. . M. Ottenbrite, K. R. Kuus and A. M. Kaplan
SECTION F
HYDROGELS
A Responsive Hydrogel as a Means of Preventing
Calcification in Urological Prostheses 323
E. C. Eckstein, L. Pinchuk and M. R. Van De Mark
Potassium Ion Transport Through Membranes in the
Presence of Blood Components: Plasma Proteins 333
G. S. Margules, J. A. Kane, A. R. Livingston
and D. C. MacGregor
Influence of Gel and Solute Structure on In Vitro and
In Vivo Release Kinetics from Hydrogel~ .. 347
J. M. Wood, D. Attwood and J. H. Collett
ix
Interaction Between Blood Components and Hydrogels
with Poly(Oxyethylene) Chains . . . . . . 361
S. Nagaoka, Y. Mori, H. Takiuchi, K. Yokota
H. Tanzawa and S. Nishiumi
Use of Methyl Cyanoacrylate (MCA) as a Sclerosing
Agent in Female Sterilization: Effect of
Inhibitors and Radioopaque Additives on MCA
Polymerization In Vitro and on Oviduct
Occlusion In Vivo in Rabbits ..... 375
James A. Nightingale, Allan S. Hoffman,
Sheridan A. Halbert and Richard G. Buckles
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
x
POLy(S-MALIC ACID) AS A SOURCE OF POLYVALENT DRUG CARRIERS:
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF HYDROPHOBIC SUBSTITUENTS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
Christian Braud and Michel Vert
Universite de Rouen, ERA CNRS nO 471
LSM, INSCIR, BP 8, 76130 Mont Saint Aignan, France
INTRODUCTION
According to literature, the interest in investigating synthe
tic macromolecular compounds for uses in biology and medicine is
rapidely increasing. On one hand, attention has been focussed on
polymer based implants for prostheses, tissue restauration and
drug-delivery devices. In these cases, macromolecular compounds act,
and sometimes react, as solids in the biological milieu. However,
attention has been also payed to uses of synthetic polymers molecu
larly dispersed in body fluids and, more generally, in the living
medium. Two types of compounds have been considered : macromolecules
that are pharmacologically active by themselves (polymeric drugs),
and drug-polymeric carrier systems which bear drugs temporarily
attached to the polymer backbone either covalently (macromolecular
prodrugs) or because of physical interactions. It is of value to
note that distinction between polymeric drugs and macromolecular
prodrugs is based on expected uses. Indeed, it is likely that no
macromolecule is inert in the living medium.
A great number of biologically active macromolecular systems
have been considered in the last three decades (1-7). However, the
literature reveals primarily chemistry work, for the synthesis of
of their properties. It is remarkable that only little has been made
to investigate structure-activity relationships in detail though
many authors early suspected the importance of structural features
such as chain coiling and/or folding, tacticity, electrolytic
character etc •.. (Donaruma (1), Kopecek (4), Ottenbrite (7)) in drug
design work. In this respect, not very much more than what was
known in 1974 (1) is available at the moment (8). There are many