Polymeric Sensors and Actuators

519 Pages·2012·6.35 MB·English

by  Johannes Karl Fink(auth.)

Polymeric Sensors and Actuators
Scrivener Publishing
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Polymeric Sensors
and Actuators
Johannes Karl Fink
Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
Scrivener
WILEY
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-41408-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xvii
Part I Basics of Sensors 1
Sensor Types and Polymers 3
1.1 Sensor Types 4
1.1.1 Optical Sensors 4
1.1.2 Acoustic Wave Sensors 4
1.1.3 Electronic Noses 13
1.1.4 Ion Selective Electrodes 16
1.1.5 Tunneling Sensors 16
1.1.6 Potentiostats 17
1.1.7 Microelectromechanical Systems 18
1.1.8 Multidimensional Sensing Devices 19
1.2 Basic Polymer Types 21
1.2.1 Conjugated Polymers 22
1.2.2 Conducting Polymers 24
1.2.3 Electrostrictive Polymers 27
1.2.4 Electrochromic Polymers 28
1.2.5 Nanomaterials 29
References 35
2 Methods of Fabrication 43
2.1 Patterning Techniques 43
2.2 Coating Techniques 43
2.2.1 Dip Coating 43
2.2.2 Spin Coating 45
V
vi CONTENTS
2.2.3 Spray Coating 46
2.2.4 Drop Coating 46
2.2.5 Electrospray 46
2.2.6 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions 47
2.3 Electrospinning 48
2.4 Molecular Imprinted Polymers 50
2.4.1 Influence of Cross Linking Agents 50
2.5 Sensor Arrays 52
2.5.1 Conducting Polymer Compositions 54
2.5.2 Surface Imprinting 56
2.5.3 Molecular Imprinted Sensor Arrays 58
2.6 Ink Jet Fabrication 59
2.6.1 Inkjet Printed Chennical Sensor Array 60
References 62
3 Processing of Data 67
3.1 Evaluation of Multivariate Data 67
3.2 Response of a Sensor Array 68
3.3 Least Square Method 69
3.4 Linear Solvation Energy Relationships 70
3.5 Euclidian Fuzzy Similarity 71
3.6 Adaptive Resonance Theory 71
3.7 Modelling of Sensors 72
3.8 Bioinspired Models for Pattern
Recognition 74
References 74
Part II Sensors by Type 77
4 Humidity Sensors 79
4.1 Calibration 80
4.2 Capacitive Humidity Sensors 80
4.3 Resistance Type Humidity Sensors 83
4.3.1 Impedance 84
4.3.2 Polymeric Materials 85
4.4 Bragg Grating Sensor 89
4.4.1 Phase Mask Technique 90
4.4.2 Polyethylene oxide) 92
CONTENTS vii
4.5 Fiber Optic Sensor 94
4.5.1 Superabsorbent Polymer 94
4.5.2 Nanowire 94
4.6 Surface AcousticWave-based Sensors 94
4.7 Microwave Oven Humidity Sensors 98
References 99
Biosensors 103
5.1 Waveguide Sensors 104
5.2 Active Elements 106
5.3 Special Examples 109
5.3.1 Glucose Sensors 109
5.3.2 Implantable Sensors 112
5.3.3 Rapid Point-of-Care Diagnostics 116
5.3.4 Biogenic Amines 117
5.3.5 Sensors for Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes 119
5.3.6 Metastatic Cells 123
References 124
Mechanical Sensors 131
6.1 Basic Principles 131
6.1.1 Bending Sensors 131
6.1.2 Cantilever Type Sensors 132
6.1.3 Micromechanical Oscillators 132
6.1.4 Microelectromechanical Capacitor Array 133
6.1.5 Change in Thermodynamic Properties 133
6.1.6 Dielectric Elastomer Sensors 134
6.2 Polymers for Mechanical Sensors 134
6.2.1 Microbalance for Bisphenol A 134
6.2.2 Polymer-derived Ceramics 135
6.2.3 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) 136
6.3 Cardiac Infarction Monitoring 137
References 137
Optical Sensors 139
7.1 Conjugated Polymers 139
7.1.1 Photophysics 140
7.1.2 Self-assembled π-Conjugated Systems 141
7.1.3 Poly(diacetylene)s 142
viii CONTENTS
7.1.4 Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers 144
7.1.5 Poly(thiophene)s 144
7.1.6 Cyclophanes 144
7.1.7 Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers 145
7.2 Amplified Fluorescent Polymers 145
7.2.1 Side Chains on Polymers 147
7.2.2 Direct Functionalization of Polymers 154
7.2.3 Analytes 156
7.2.4 Hybrid Sensors 158
7.3 Nanostructured Materials 160
7.3.1 Porous Silica 160
7.3.2 Nanoparticles 160
7.4 Micelle-Induced Fluorescent Sensors 163
7.5 Fiber Sensors 165
7.5.1 Refractive Index Fiber Sensors 166
7.5.2 Temperature Fiber Sensors 167
7.6 Waveguides 168
7.7 Chiral Sensors 168
7.8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 170
7.8.1 Synthesis 170
7.8.2 Mycotoxins 172
7.8.3 Coumarin Monomers 172
7.9 Glucose Sensors 174
7.9.1 Receptors for Glucose Sensors 174
7.9.2 Phenylboronic acid-based Sensors 176
7.9.3 Noninvasive Sensor 177
7.10 Hydrophilic Polymer Matrices 180
7.11 Special Analytes 181
7.11.1 Explosives 181
7.11.2 Cation Sensing 191
7.11.3 Hydrogen Gas 202
7.11.4 Fluoride Ions 202
7.11.5 Amines 204
7.11.6 Cyclodextrin 205
7.11.7 Thiols 206
7.12 pH Sensors 207
7.12.1 Gold Nanoparticles 207
References 210
CONTENTS
Surface Plasmon Resonance 225
8.1 Application as Sensors 225
8.2 Basic Principle 226
8.3 Theory 226
8.4 Waveguide Surface Plasmon Resonance 229
8.5 Nanoparticles 230
8.5.1 Gold Nanoparticles 230
8.5.2 Molecular Imprinted Nanoparticles 231
8.5.3 Gold Nanorods 233
8.6 Surface Plasmon Resonance with Fibers 234
8.7 Combinations with other Principles 235
8.8 Examples for Use 235
8.8.1 Biosensors 235
8.8.2 Amino Biotin 236
References 237
Test Strips 241
9.1 Cations 241
9.1.1 Mercury 241
9.1.2 Gallium 242
9.1.3 Others 243
9.2 Anions 243
9.2.1 Fluoride 243
9.2.2 Cyanide 244
9.2.3 Pyrophosphate 244
9.3 Organic Analytes 246
9.3.1 Peroxide Test Strip 246
9.3.2 Benzoic acid 248
9.3.3 Aldehydes and Ketones 249
9.3.4 ß-Hydroxybutyrate 250
9.3.5 Lactose 251
9.3.6 Glucose 252
9.3.7 Glutamate 253
9.4 Immunochromatographic Tests 254
9.4.1 Human Serum Albumin 256
9.4.2 Granulysin 256
9.4.3 Organophosphorus Insecticides 256
9.4.4 Shellfish Poisoning Toxins 257
x CONTENTS
9.4.5 Ricin 258
9.4.6 Fumonisins 259
9.4.7 Ochratoxin A 259
9.5 Bacteria 260
References 262
10 Electrochemical Sensors 269
10.1 Basic Principles 269
10.1.1 Basic Requirements 270
10.1.2 Gas Sensors 271
10.1.3 Redox Sensors 271
10.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes 272
10.1.5 Electrically Conductive Polymers 273
10.2 Carbon Nanotube Field-effect Transistors 276
10.3 Chemical Resistors 277
10.3.1 Methanol 278
10.3.2 Thin Film Sensors 278
10.3.3 Gas Sensors 279
10.3.4 Ammonia 279
10.3.5 Ripeness of Bananas 281
10.4 Temperature Sensors 282
10.4.1 Pyroelectric Sensors 282
10.4.2 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor 283
10.4.3 High-temperature Heat Flux Sensors 284
10.4.4 Medical Applications 285
10.5 Smart Textiles 285
10.5.1 Flexible Temperature Sensors on Fibers 286
10.6 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 287
10.6.1 Mercury Ions 288
10.6.2 Atrazine 290
10.6.3 Creatine 291
10.6.4 4-Aminophenol 292
10.6.5 Melamine in Milk 293
10.6.6 Oxytetracycline 293
10.6.7 Catechol 294
10.6.8 Insecticides 294
10.6.9 Imipramine and Clomipramine 295
10.6.10 Benzyladenine 296