Polymer precursor-derived carbon PDF
Preview Polymer precursor-derived carbon
Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; 1173 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon Amit K. Naskar, Editor Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Wesley P. Hoffman, Editor Air Force Research Laboratory Edwards AFB, California Sponsored by the ACSDivisionofPolymerChemistry, Inc. AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Polymerprecursor-derivedcarbon/AmitK.Naskar,editor,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, OakRidge,Tennessee,WesleyP.Hoffman,editor,AirForceResearchLaboratory,Edwards AFB,California;sponsoredbytheACSDivisionofPolymerChemistry,Inc. pagescm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1173) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8412-2966-2(alk.paper) 1. Carboncomposites.2. Carbon.3. Polymers. I.Naskar,AmitK.,editor.II.Hoffman, WesleyP.,editor.III.AmericanChemicalSociety.DivisionofPolymerChemistry. QD181.C1P582014 546′.681--dc3 2014037321 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIZ39.48n1984. Copyright©2014AmericanChemicalSociety DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress AllRightsReserved. ReprographiccopyingbeyondthatpermittedbySections107or108 oftheU.S.CopyrightActisallowedforinternaluseonly,providedthataper-chapterfeeof $40.25plus$0.75perpageispaidtotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923,USA.Republicationorreproductionforsaleofpagesinthis bookispermittedonlyunderlicensefromACS.Directtheseandotherpermissionrequests toACSCopyrightOffice,PublicationsDivision,115516thStreet,N.W.,Washington,DC 20036. Thecitationoftradenamesand/ornamesofmanufacturersinthispublicationisnottobe construedasanendorsementorasapprovalbyACSofthecommercialproductsorservices referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemicalprocess, orotherdataberegardedasalicenseorasaconveyanceofanyright or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce,use,orsellanypatentedinventionorcopyrightedworkthatmayinanywaybe relatedthereto. Registerednames,trademarks,etc.,usedinthispublication,evenwithout specificindicationthereof,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; Foreword The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of keeninteresttothechemistryaudience. Beforeagreeingtopublishabook,theproposedtableofcontentsisreviewed forappropriateandcomprehensivecoverageandforinteresttotheaudience. Some papersmaybeexcludedtobetterfocusthebook;othersmaybeaddedtoprovide comprehensiveness. When appropriate, overview or introductory chapters are added. Draftsofchaptersarepeer-reviewedpriortofinalacceptanceorrejection, andmanuscriptsarepreparedincamera-readyformat. As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previous published papers arenotaccepted. ACSBooksDepartment In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; Preface Carbon is essential to life on Earth, and it forms complex molecules with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen that are ubiquitous in the biosphere. Elemental carbon has been valued for thousands of years for its use in processing metal ores. The variety of carbon allotropes as well as the vast variety of carbon’s architectures, and forms is made possible by its ability to form sp, sp2, and sp3 electronic orbitals through hybridization. These various architectures and formscanencompassaverybroadspectrumofproperties,which,inturnenable a myriad of applications. Traditional methods for synthesizing carbon-based materials include catalytic vapor growth, hydrothermal processing of colloids, chemical vapor deposition, as well as pyrolysis of precursors, such as fibers, bulk monoliths, fuels, and fuel derivatives. Some of these methods follow a combinatorial optimization approach, which does not necessarily enable the desiredcontrolofcarbonarchitecture. Thescienceofcontrollingcarbonstructure with predefined geometries and controlled levels of long-range order from atypicalchar-formingprecursorshasyettobeestablished. Over the last two decades there have been significant improvements in synthesis routes of carbon materials, analytical tools for characterization, and in the properties of carbon materials. Monolithic or continuous matrix carbon productsarecommerciallyproducedfrompolymericandpitchcarbonprecursors. Specialty carbon materials are used for energy applications and reduction in carbonemission,membraneseparation,energystorage,catalysis,solarutilization, electronics, and sensing. New generation higher-performance structural carbon fibershavethepotentialtoenhancevehicleefficiencyandreducegreenhousegas emissionwhenusedascompositelightweightstructures. Thisbook,PolymerPrecursor-DerivedCarbon,isbasedonaninternational symposiumorganizedbytheeditors,alongwithProfessorDennisW.SmithJr. of UT-Dallas,andheldatthe2013nationalACSmeetinginNewOrleans,Louisiana. Manyexcitingnewfindingswerereportedinthesymposium,whichwasattended byresearchersfromacademia,industry,andgovernmentresearchlaboratories. The editors would like to thank the authors for their timely contributions to this endeavor, for without their cooperation this undertaking would not have succeeded. TheeditorswouldalsoliketothankPOLYDivisionoftheAmerican Chemical Society and Oak Ridge National Laboratory for sponsoring the symposium. AveryspecialthankyougoestoProfessorDennisSmith, whohas workedinthisfieldforyears,conceivedtheideaforthissymposium,spearheaded itsorganization,andworkedtirelesslytowarditssuccess. xi In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; We are also grateful to the publishing editor and editorial office of the American Chemical Society for their efforts and professionalism in publishing this book. AmitK.Naskar SeniorR&DStaff&CarbonandCompositesGroupLeader MaterialsScienceandTechnologyDivision OakRidgeNationalLaboratory OakRidge,Tennessee37931-6053 [email protected](e-mail) WesleyP.Hoffman PrincipalScientistandGroupLeader AirForceResearchLaboratory AFRL/RQRC 10E.SaturnBlvd. EdwardsAFB,California93524-7680 [email protected](e-mail) xii In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; Dedication In memory of Professor James E. McGrath, whoinspiredustoorganizethisendeavor. ix In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; Editors’ Biographies Amit K. Naskar Dr. AmitK.NaskarisaseniorR&DstaffmemberandleaderoftheCarbon and Composites group of the Materials Science and Technology Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He has developed technologies for the conversion of polyolefin into structural carbon materials, lignin-basedcarbonprecursorsandpolymersforcomposites,andtailoredcarbon morphology for energy storage applications. He has more than 15 years of researchexperienceincarbon,polymericfibers,rubbers,plastics,andcomposite materials. Wesley P. Hoffman Dr. WesleyP.HoffmanisaPrincipalScientistandtheGroupLeadoftheHigh TemperatureComponentsGroupattheAirForceResearchLaboratoryinEdwards California,whosefocusisrocketpropulsion. Hehasbeenworkinginthefieldof carbonresearch,principallyintheareasofcarbon–carboncompositesandsurface characterization,forover40yearsbothattheAirForceResearchLaboratoryand the Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse in Mulhouse, France. After servinginvariouscapacities,heservedthreetermsasChairmanoftheExecutive CommitteeoftheAmericanCarbonSociety. ©2014AmericanChemicalSociety In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.; Chapter 1 Self-Assembly of Polyaromatic Precursors for 1D and 2D Carbon Structures KatrinWunderlich,1ArminGölzhäuser,2 MarkusKlapper,*,1andKlausMüllen*,1 1MaxPlanckInstituteforPolymerResearch, Ackermannweg10,55128Mainz,Germany 2FacultyofPhysics,UniversityofBielefeld,33615Bielefeld,Germany *E-mail: [email protected] *E-mail: [email protected] Self-assembly of amphiphiles is used as a tool for structuring carbonaceous materials in one and two dimensions. The dynamics of low-molecular weight amphiphiles are combined with the stability of their high-molecular weight analogues in order to control the self-assembly of these molecules. Two concepts for structuring carbon by self-assembly are presented. Inthefirst,hexaphenylbenzene-polyethyleneglycol (HPB-PEG)derivativesleadtofiber-likestructuresinaqueous solution. ThewatercontentinthehydrogelfibersofHPB-PEG derivatives can be controlled by the substitution pattern of the amphiphile and by the length of the PEG chains. The fiber formationisverifiedbylightscatteringandTEM.Inthesecond concept,homogeneousporouscarbonmembranesareobtained after electron irradiation and pyrolysis of a thiol-substituted HPB.Inbothconcepts,amphiphilicity,geometryandsizeofthe moleculesaredecisiveparametersfortheformationofdefined structures. ©2014AmericanChemicalSociety In Polymer Precursor-Derived Carbon; Hoffman, et al.;
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