Polymer Nanocomposites: Towards Multi-Functionality PDF
Preview Polymer Nanocomposites: Towards Multi-Functionality
Engineering Materials and Processes Aravind Dasari Zhong-Zhen Yu Yiu-Wing Mai Polymer Nanocomposites Towards Multi-Functionality by Finite Element and Soft Computing Methods 123 Engineering Materials and Processes Series editor Brian Derby, Manchester, UK More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4604 Aravind Dasari Zhong-Zhen Yu (cid:129) Yiu-Wing Mai Polymer Nanocomposites Towards Multi-Functionality 123 Aravind Dasari Yiu-Wing Mai SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering Centrefor AdvancedMaterials Technology NanyangTechnological University TheUniversity of Sydney Singapore Sydney,NSW Singapore Australia Zhong-ZhenYu Collegeof Materials Science andEngineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China ISSN 1619-0181 ISSN 2365-0761 (electronic) Engineering MaterialsandProcesses ISBN978-1-4471-6807-2 ISBN978-1-4471-6809-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-6809-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016936276 ©Springer-VerlagLondon 2016 Theauthor(s)has/haveassertedtheirright(s)tobeidentifiedastheauthor(s)ofthisworkin accordance with the Copyright, DesignandPatents Act1988. Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewhole orpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage andretrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or bysimilar or dissimilar methodology nowknown or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringer-VerlagLondonLtd. Foreword Multifunctional materials will play an important role in the next generation of technologicaldevices.Beyondtheirbasiclightweightandloadbearingproperties, theymustbeabletohaveintegratedthermal,electrical,barrier,sensing,orpossible other functionalities. The authors of the new book have recognized that especially polymer nanocomposites can open up new horizons for understanding how mul- tifunctionality can be achieved and systematically designed by the right choice, arrangement, and combination of the nanostructured material components. That is whatthisbookisaboutanditgivesmegreatpleasure,andindeedpride,tobeable to write a foreword to it. Regardingtheauthors,IhaveknownProf.Yiu-WingMaiforover35years.He is a foremost authority on fracture mechanics, having studied polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites, in different countries of the world, and has made importantcontributions onnanostructuredmaterials, coatings, etc. Aravind Dasari, I learned to know during my stay as an international professorial fellow at the University of Sydney in 2006/2007. Aravind originally worked for his doctoral degreeinthefieldofpolymernanocompositesundersupervisionofProf.Mai,and in cooperation with Mai’s postdoc Zhong-Zhen Yu, who is now working as a ProfessorintheBeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology.Dr.Dasariiscurrently active as an Assistant Professor in the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore. Theirbookon“PolymerNanocomposites:TowardsMulti-Functionality”covers allthedifficultaswellastheeasypartsofnanocompositematerialsscience,dealing well with processing aspects and microstructural characterization, interfacial design,mechanical andthermalproperties,flameretardancy,wear/scratchdamage, and other functional qualities. The authors also considered ecological issues with polymericnanomaterials,and delineated theusefulnessof multifunctional polymer nanocomposites in a variety of technical applications, including automotive, food packaging, marine environment, biomedical, and others. There exist several journal publications related to the topic of this book, and a few edited books have also summarized the state of the art in this field. v vi Foreword The big advantage of this new book is that it is not a compilation of individual contributions, but a straight forward written monograph. All definitions and main symbols are valid from the first to the last page. In addition, the book presents a huge survey and evaluation of relevant publications concerning the subjects raised within the various chapters. On top of that, the authors provide their own contri- butions to the different subjects, which they have developed over recent years. Thereadersofthebookwillhavethebenefittogetnotonlythebasicknowledge about the potential of polymer nanocomposites for a systematic development of a multifunctional material, but they will also extend their horizon on future devel- opments. In this way, they will find new starting points for their own research activities in this field. In summary, the topic of polymer nanocomposites toward multifunctionality is an important one, critical to the advance of modern technical devices. Many practitioners from a range of disciplines are seeking the information which can be found in this book. Therefore, it is a book pointing the way to the future and I heartily recommend it to all those interested incomposite materials, i.e., material scientists and students alike. Kaiserslautern, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Friedrich February 2016 Institute for Composite Materials Technical Universit Kaiserslautern Preface The soaringoil/gas prices andthe recognition ofglobal warming/carbonfootprints have resulted in significant demands for lightweight polymeric materials in the transportation and automotive industries in addition to their widespread usage in other sectors such as construction, packaging, toys, and electronics. However, the pressure to support and validate this change (replacing conventional metallic or othermaterialswithpolymers)intermsofpropertiesandperformanceisenormous. Besides, accommodating this great surge for polymers that persist in the environ- ment for years after their disposal is challenging from both the scientific/technical andsocioeconomicperspectives.Thisisduetothedramaticdirect/indirectimpacts exerted on our eco-system (e.g., Great Pacific Garbage Patch, Citarum River pol- lution,Yushodisease,presenceofbrominatedcompoundsinnewbornbabies,and human breast milk, etc). This growing combination of complex problems has greatly spurred on signif- icant research and development activities on polymeric materials, whether biodegradable, biopolymers, nanocomposites, water-soluble, or smart polymers. Coupledwithsocioeconomicaspects,thedemandformultifunctionalmaterialshas grownrapidly.Hence,‘multi-functionality’hasputpolymernanocompositesunder the limelight. The superiority of these materials compared to their micro- or neat counterpartsisoftenattributedtotheavailabilityoflargenumbersofnanoparticles with huge interfacial areas and confinement of polymer chains at the nano-level. These characteristics of the nano-reinforcements, if fully exploited, can impart multifunctional properties required for a spectrum of applications. In this monograph, we provide the basics and advanced knowledge of different facets of ‘multi-functionality’ in polymer nanocomposites. Emphasis is placed on delineating the parameters and mechanisms responsible for achieving multi-functionalitybygivingasystematicpresentationoftheunderlyingprinciples. Thismonographalsohighlightsourcontinuousresearcheffortsovermanyyearson different aspects of polymer nanocomposites toward realizing multifunctional materials. It is written as a coherent entity rather than a collection of chapters on differenttopics.So,wehavedevotedconsiderableeffortstocoordinateandconnect vii viii Preface all the different topics in this monograph, which include a brief review of nanoparticles (Chap. 2), their surface modification techniques and incorporation into polymeric materials (Chap. 3); the importance of accurate morphological characterization (Chap. 4) and interfaces in polymer nanocomposite materials (Chap. 5); mechanical properties particularly fracture toughness(Chap. 6),thermal stability and flame response (Chaps. 7 and 8), tribological performance (Chap. 9) andotherfunctionalpropertiessuchasopticaltransparency,electricalconductivity, dielectric,andpermeability(Chap.10).Finally,criticalecologicalissues(Chap.11) as well as applications and future prospects of these polymer nanocomposites (Chap. 12) are presented. Thebookiswrittenwithenoughbackgroundineachchaptertoenablebeginners to follow easily the conceptspresented and discussed. Our primary readershipwill come from the general fields of polymer science and engineering, polymer com- posites,nanotechnologyandrelateddisciplines.Itwillserveasareferencebookfor both undergraduate and/or postgraduate courses in polymers, composites and nanotechnology. We hope that the technical professions from the transportation, buildingandconstruction,automotiveandotherindustrieswillalsofindtheresults contained in this monograph useful. TheideaofwritingthisbookwasconceivedwhenwewereattheUniversityof Sydney working on different aspects of polymer nanocomposites. We deeply appreciate the patience of Springer’s publishing team for our prolonged delivery of the final manuscript for printing. We are grateful to many former and present colleagues, friends, research staff, and postgraduate students for their helpful dis- cussionsandtechnicalassistanceduringthepreparationofthisbook.Especially,we thank Chi-Ming Chan, Brian Cottrell, Klaus Friedrich, Jang-Kyo Kim, Tony Kinloch, Robert Li, Cynthia Lim, Hong-Yuan Liu, Don Paul, Rocio Seltzer, Gongtao Wang, Gordon Williams, Jingshen Wu, Xiaolin Xie, Lin Ye, Gennady Zaikov, Giovanni Camino, Zhong Zhang, and Limin Zhou. Many of the results quoted in this book are taken from the studies of our research groups at Sydney, BUCTandNTU.Tothem,weoweourdeepestappreciation.Wealsoacknowledge the various funding organizations (Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship, Australian Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Natural Science Foundation of China, as well as Singapore’s Ministry of Education and National Research Foundation) for their financial supports of our polymer nanocomposites projects in the past 8 years. Permissions to reproduce many figures in this book from various publishers and authors are much appreciated. Singapore Aravind Dasari Beijing Zhong-Zhen Yu Sydney Yiu-Wing Mai January 2016 Contents 1 Introduction: Toward Multi-functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Different Types of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.1 Clay Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 Graphite Nanoplatelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.2.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.5 Other Equiaxed Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.6 Hierarchical Structured Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.1 Interfacial Volume and Its Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.2 Modification of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2.1 Equiaxed Nanoparticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.2 Layered Silicates (Bentonite). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.2.3 Tubular Fillers (Carbon Nanotubes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3 Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3.1 Solvent Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3.2 In Situ Polymerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.3.3 Polymer Melt Intercalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4 Microstructural Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.2 Direct and Reciprocal Space Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.3 Etching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.4 Staining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ix
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