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Xingyi Huang · Chunyi Zhi Editors Polymer Nanocomposites Electrical and Thermal Properties Polymer Nanocomposites Xingyi Huang • Chunyi Zhi Editors Polymer Nanocomposites Electrical and Thermal Properties Editors Xingyi Huang Chunyi Zhi Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Department of Physics Insulation and Thermal Ageing and Materials Science Department of Polymer Science City University of Hong Kong and Engineering Hong Kong , China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai , China ISBN 978-3-319-28236-7 ISBN 978-3-319-28238-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28238-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936276 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace W ith the rapid development of electronic products and power equipment, functional materials with excellent electrical and thermal properties are highly desirable. Polymer materials are attractive because of their fl exibility, light weight, ease of processing, and most importantly low cost. However, particularly fi lled polymer composites, rather than polymeric materials themselves, are more commonly used in various practical applications. This is because the electrical and thermal properties of the polymer composites can be signifi cantly enhanced or tuned in a wide range by introducing specifi c fi llers, particularly nanoparticles. Numerous nanoparticles from 0 to 3 dimensions have been successfully fabri- cated and used as fi llers for polymer composites, which enrich the polymer composites with new mechanisms, properties, and applications. This book aims at summarizing fundamental principles and state-of-the-art progresses in electrical and thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites. T his book consists of three parts with 12 chapters, which are contributed by well-r ecognized experts in each fi eld. Part I and Part I I focus on the electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites under low and high electric fi eld, respectively. The electrical properties under low electric fi eld mainly cover the dielectric constant (high-k and low-k ) , dielectric loss, percolation behaviors, and positive temperature coeffi cient of polymer composites, whereas the electrical properties under high electric fi eld mainly cover breakdown strength and energy storage of polymer nanocomposites. Part I II focuses on thermal properties of the polymer nanocomposites, including thermal stability, and thermomechanical, calorimetric, and fl ame-r etardant properties. We greatly appreciate the efforts of all contributors for bringing the community this wonderful book, which is the fi rst comprehensive book focusing on the fundamental principles and state-of-the-art progress of the electrical and thermal properties of the polymer nanocomposites. Xingyi Huang and Chunyi Zhi would like to v vi Preface thank Professor Pingkai Jiang, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Special Fund of the National Priority Basic Research of China, and Research Grants Council of Hong Kong for the long-time fi nancial support on this work. Shanghai , China Xingyi Huang Hong Kong , China Chunyi Z hi Contents Part I Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Under Low Electric Field 1 Dielectric Constant of Polymer Composites and the Routes to High-k or Low-k Nanocomposite Materials ..................................... 3 Jinkai Yuan , Shenghong Yao , and Philippe Poulin 2 Dielectric Loss of Polymer Nanocomposites and How to Keep the Dielectric Loss Low ............................................ 29 Yanhui Huang and Xingyi Huang 3 Electrical Conductivity and Percolation Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites ................................................................... 51 Qingzhong Xue and Jin Sun 4 Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect of Polymer Nanocomposites ................................................................... 83 Haiping Xu Part II Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Under High Electric Field 5 Dielectric Breakdown in Polymer Nanocomposites ............................. 113 Toshikatsu Tanaka 6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Power Energy Storage .......................... 139 Qi Li and Qing Wang Part III Thermal Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 7 Thermal Stability and Degradation of Polymer Nanocomposites ...... 167 T. M. Majka , A. Leszczyńska , and K. Pielichowski 8 Thermomechanical Analysis of Polymer Nanocomposites.................. 191 Engin Burgaz vii viii Contents 9 Applications of Calorimetry on Polymer Nanocomposites ................. 243 Qingliang He , Xingru Yan , Jiang Guo , Xi Zhang , Huige Wei , Dawei Jiang , Xin Wei , Daowei Ding , Suying Wei , Evan K. Wujcik , and John Zhanhu Guo 10 Electrically Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites with High Thermal Conductivity .......................................................... 255 Prabhakar R. Bandaru , B. -W. Kim , S. Pfeifer , R. S. Kapadia , and S. -H. Park 11 Thermally Conductive Electrically Insulating Polymer Nanocomposites ....................................................................................... 281 Zifeng Wang and Chunyi Zhi 12 Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites: A Novel Way to Enhance Flame Retardation of Plastics and Applications in Wire and Cable Industry ................................................................................. 323 Tie Lan and Günter Beyer Index ................................................................................................................. 347 Part I Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites Under Low Electric Field