Polymer nanocomposites

612 Pages·2006·5.38 MB·English

by  Yiu-Wing Mai, Zhong-Zhen Yu

240 x 159 /Pantone 2756 & 423 38mm
Polymer nanocomposites are a class of reinforced polymers with low quantities P
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of nanometric-sized clay particles which give them improved barrier properties,
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fire resistance and strength. Such properties have made them valuable in
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components such as panels and as barrier and coating materials in automobile,
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civil and electrical engineering as well as packaging. Polymer nanocomposites r

provides a comprehensive review of the main types of polymer nanocomposite n
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and their properties.
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Part I reviews the range of layered silicates and discusses such properties c
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as flammability and thermal stability, barrier properties, wear resistance and m
biodegradability. Part II considers nanotubes, nanoparticles and inorganic–
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organic hybrid systems, and analyses elasticity and strength as well as magnetic o
and light-emitting properties. s
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e Polymer
With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Polymer s
nanocomposites will be a standard reference on this important new range of
materials for research and development managers in such sectors as automotive
nanocomposites
and civil engineering.
Professor Yiu-Wing Mai is University Professor, Australian Federation Fellow
and Director of the Centre for Advanced Materials Technology at the University
of Sydney, Australia. Dr Zhong-Zhen Yu is Australian Postdoctoral Fellow in the
Centre for Advanced Materials Technology at the University of Sydney, Australia.
M
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing a
i
on behalf of a
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining n
d

Y
u
Woodhead Publishing Ltd CRC Press LLC Edited by Yiu-Wing Mai and Zhong-Zhen Yu
Abington Hall 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Abington Suite 300
Cambridge CB1 6AH Boca Raton
England FL 33487
www.woodheadpublishing.com USA
ISBN-13: 978-1-85573-969-7 CRC order number WP9297
ISBN-10: 1-85573-969-0 ISBN-10: 0-8493-9297-7
m3
I
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
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Polymer
nanocomposites
Edited by
Yiu-Wing Mai and Zhong-Zhen Yu
Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing
on behalf of
The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC
Woodhead Publishing Limitedand Maney PublishingLimited onbehalfof
The Instituteof Materials, Minerals &Mining
Published byWoodhead PublishingLimited, AbingtonHall, Abington,
Cambridge CB1 6AH,England
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Published in NorthAmerica byCRC PressLLC, 6000Broken SoundParkway, NW,
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First published 2006,Woodhead Publishing Limitedand CRC PressLLC
(cid:223) Woodhead PublishingLimited, 2006
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Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Preface xvii
PartI Layeredsilicates
1 Polyamide/claynanocomposites 3
M KATO and A USUKI, Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc., Japan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH) 4
1.3 Synthesis of nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH) 4
1.4 Characterization of NCH 6
1.5 Crystal structure of NCH (Kojima, 1995) 12
1.6 Properties of NCH (Kojima, 1993a) 19
1.7 Synthesizing NCH using different types of clay (Usuki, 1995) 21
1.8 Improving the synthesis method of NCH 23
1.9 Other types of nylon 24
1.10 Conclusions 26
1.11 Future trends 27
1.12 References 27
2 Epoxynanocompositesbasedonlayeredsilicates
andothernanostructuredfillers 29
O BECKER and G P SIMON, Monash University, Australia
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites 31
2.3 Epoxy-nanocomposites based on other nanofillers 47
2.4 Ternary epoxy nanocomposite systems 48
2.5 Future trends 53
2.6 References 54
vi Contents
3 Biodegradablepolymer/layeredsilicate
nanocomposites 57
S SINHA RAY and M BOUSMINA, Laval University, Canada
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Definition and categories of biodegradable polymers 58
3.3 Properties and drawbacks of biodegradable polymers 59
3.4 Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposite technology 59
3.5 Structure and properties of layered silicates 62
3.6 Techniques used for the characterization of nanocomposites 63
3.7 Biodegradable polymers and their nanocomposites 64
3.8 Properties 86
3.9 Biodegradability 101
3.10 Melt rheology and structure-property relationship 106
3.11 Foam processing of biodegradable nanocomposites 115
3.12 Conclusions 117
3.13 Acknowledgements 119
3.14 References 119
4 Polypropylenelayeredsilicatenanocomposites 130
K JAYARAMAN and S KUMAR, Michigan State University,
USA
4.1 Introduction 130
4.2 Chemical compatibilization and compounding 131
4.3 Nanostructure 134
4.4 Performance 142
4.5 Conclusions 147
4.6 Acknowledgments 147
4.7 References 147
5 Polystyrene/claynanocomposites 151
D-R YEI, H-K FU and F-C CHANG, National Chiao-Tung
University, Taiwan
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 Organically modified clay 152
5.3 Surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) 155
5.4 Syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS)/clay nanocomposite 160
5.5 Properties of nanocomposites 163
5.6 Conclusions 169
5.7 References 169
Contents vii
6 Poly(ethylacrylate)/bentonitenanocomposites 172
T TANG, X TONG, Z FENG and B HUANG, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, People’s Republic of China
6.1 Introduction 172
6.2 Materials and characterization 174
6.3 Synthesis of PEA/bentonite nanocomposites through in situ
emulsion polymerization 175
6.4 Preparation and microstructure of casting-film of PEA/bentonite
nanocomposites from emulsion 176
6.5 Performance of PEA/bentonite nanocomposites 179
6.6 Conclusions and future trends 184
6.7 Acknowledgments 185
6.8 References 186
7 Clay-acrylatenanocompositephotopolymers 188
C DECKER, Universite´ de Haute-Alsace, France
7.1 Introduction 188
7.2 Synthesis of clay-acrylate nanocomposites 190
7.3 Properties of clay-acrylic nanocomposites 195
7.4 Conclusions 202
7.5 References 203
8 Nanocompositesbasedonwatersolublepolymers
andunmodifiedsmectiteclays 206
K E STRAWHECKER, Veeco Instruments Inc, USA and
E MANIAS, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
8.1 Introduction 206
8.2 Dispersion of Na+ montmorillonite in water soluble polymers 207
8.3 Crystallization behavior 211
8.4 Overview of nanocomposite structure and crystallization
behavior 221
8.5 Materials properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Na+ montmorillonite
nanocomposites 222
8.6 Conclusions 231
8.7 References 231
9 Poly(butyleneterephthlate)(PBT)based
nanocomposites 234
C-S HA, Pusan National University, Korea
9.1 Introduction 234
9.2 Impact modification of PBT by blending 235
viii Contents
9.3 PBT/organoclay nanocomposite 239
9.4 EVA/organoclay nanocomposite 242
9.5 PBT/EVA-g-MAH/organoclay ternary nanocomposite 247
9.6 Conclusions 251
9.7 Acknowledgments 254
9.8 References 254
10 Flammabilityandthermalstabilityofpolymer/
layeredsilicatenanocomposites 256
M ZANETTI, University of Turin, Italy
10.1 Introduction 256
10.2 Nanocomposites and fire 257
10.3 Flame retardant mechanism 257
10.4 Nanocomposites and conventional flame retardants 265
10.5 Conclusion and future trends 267
10.6 References 268
11 Barrierpropertiesofpolymer/claynanocomposites 273
A SORRENTINO, G GORRASI, M TORTORA and
V VITTORIA, University of Salerno, Italy
11.1 Introduction 273
11.2 Background on polymer barrier properties 273
11.3 Experimental methods 277
11.4 Permeation and diffusion models relevant to polymer
nanocomposites 279
11.5 Polymer nanocomposites diffusivity 282
11.6 Polymer nanocomposites sorption 286
11.7 Polymer nanocomposites permeability 287
11.8 Conclusions and future trends 291
11.9 References 292
12 Rubber-claynanocomposites 297
A MOHAMMAD and G P SIMON, Monash University, Australia
12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 Overview of rubbers (elastomers) 297
12.3 Fillers predominantly used in the rubber industry 302
12.4 Rubber crosslinking systems 304
12.5 Types of rubber-clay nanocomposite structure 305
12.6 Comparisonofpropertiesachievedinrubber-claynanocomposites 317
12.7 Conclusions 321
12.8 References 322
Contents ix
PartII Nanotubes, nanoparticles and inorganic-organic hybrid
systems
13 Single-walledcarbonnanotubesinepoxy
composites 329
K LIAO and Y REN, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore and T XIAO, Shantou University, People’s
Republic of China
13.1 Introduction 329
13.2 Mechanical properties: elastic properties and strength 331
13.3 Carbon nanotube – polymer interface 337
13.4 Long-term performance of unidirectional CNT/epoxy
composites 346
13.5 Conclusions 353
13.6 References 354
14 Fullerene/carbonnanotube(CNT)composites 359
T KUZUMAKI, The University of Tokyo, Japan
14.1 Introduction 359
14.2 Fabrication of the composite by the drawing process 362
14.3 Fabrication of the composite by ultra high-pressure sintering 372
14.4 Application potential 378
14.5 Conclusions 386
14.6 References 386
15 Filledpolymernanocompositescontaining
functionalizednanoparticles 389
O OK PARK, J H PARK and T-H KIM, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology, Korea and Y T LIM,
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Korea
15.1 Introduction 389
15.2 Organic and polymer materials for light-emitting diodes 389
15.3 Luminescent polymer for device applications 391
15.4 Photo-oxidation of emitting polymers 393
15.5 Nanoparticles approaches to enhance the lifetime of emitting
polymers 396
15.6 Conclusions and future trends 409
15.7 References 409
x Contents
16 Polymer/calciumcarbonatenanocomposites 412
X LU, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of
Singapore and T LIU, Institute of Advanced Materials,
People’s Republic of China
16.1 Introduction 412
16.2 Preparation and surface modification of nano-CaCO 413
3
16.3 Fabrication of polymer/CaCO nanocomposites 417
3
16.4 Characterization 420
16.5 Applications 433
16.6 Conclusion and future trends 434
16.7 References 435
17 Magneticpolymernanocomposites 440
A MILLAN and F PALACIO, University of Zaragoza, Spain
and E SNOECK, V SERIN and P LECANTE, CEMES-CNRS,
France
17.1 Introduction 440
17.2 Classification of magnetic polymer nanocomposites 442
17.3 Synthesis 447
17.4 Characterization 455
17.5 Magnetic properties 466
17.6 Future trends 470
17.7 References 471
18 Phenolicresin/SiO organic-inorganichybrid
2
nanocomposites 485
C-L CHIANG, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan and
C-C M MA, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
18.1 Introduction 485
18.2 Experimental 487
18.3 Results when IPTS was used as a coupling agent 493
18.4 Results when GPTS was used as a coupling agent 500
18.5 Conclusions 506
18.6 References 507
19 Polymer/graphitenanocomposites 510
Y MENG, Sun Yat-Sen University, People’s Republic of China
19.1 Introduction 510
19.2 Features of graphite 511
19.3 Structures of polymer/graphite nanocomposites 519
19.4 Preparations of polymer/graphite nanocomposites 520