Polymer Additives

402 Pages·1984·24 MB·English

by  Jan F. Rabek (auth.)

POLYMER ADDITIVES
POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Editorial Board:
WIlliam J. Bailey, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
J. P. Berry, Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain,
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, England
A. T. DIBenedetto, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
C. A. J. Hoeve, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
Yolchl Ishida, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
Frank E. Karan, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Oslas Solomon, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 16 POLYMERIC SEPARATION MEDIA
Edited by Anthony R. Cooper
Volume 17 POLYMER APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE-RESOURCE MATERIALS
Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and L. H. Sperling
Volume 18 REACTION INJECTION MOLDING AND FAST POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
Edited by Jiri E. Kresta
Volume 19 COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION
Edited by Charles C. Price and Edwin J. Vandenberg
Volume 20 POLYMER ALLOYS III: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks
Edited by Daniel Klempner and Kurt C. Frisch
Volume 21 MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS
Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and James A. Moore
Volume 22 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYMERIC SOLIDS
Edited by Anne Hiltner
Volume 23 POLYMERS IN MEDICINE: Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications
Edited by Emo Chiellini and Paolo Giusti
Volume 24 CROWN ETHERS AND PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS IN POLYMER SCIENCE
Edited by Lon J. Mathias and Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
Volume 25 NEW MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
Edited by Bill M. Culbertson and Charles U. Pittman, Jr.
Volume 26 POLYMER ADDITIVES
Edited by Jiri E. Kresta
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POLYMER ADDITIVES
Edited by
Jiri E. Kresta
Polymer Institute
University of Detroit
Detroit, Michigan
Plenum Press • New York and London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Polymer Additives
(1982: Las Vegas, Nev.)
Polymer additives.
(Polymer science and technology; v. 26)
"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, held March 30-
April 1, 1982, at the American Chemical Society meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada"
"Sponsored by the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials
Science and Engineering"-Pref.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1 . Polymers and polymerization-Additives-Congresses. I. Kresta, Jiri E., date-
II. American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineer
ing. III. Title. IV. Series.
TP1142.1581982 668.4'11 84-13264
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9724-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2797-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2797-4
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Polymer Additives,
held March 30-April 1, 1982, at the American Chemical Society
Meeting, in Las Vegas, Nevada
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Ever since the beginning of the plastics and rubber industry,
it was realized that useful products could be produced only if cer
tain additives were incorporated into polymers. With the help of
these additives, when physically dispersed in a polymer matrix,
it has been possible to improve stability against thermal, oxidative,
UV, hydrolytic and biological degradation, mechanical properties,
flammability, cost, and processibility of plastics. The enormous
growth of the volume of plastics consumed by modern society, and
new application areas for plastics, have created a demand for new,
better additives and better understanding of their functions in
polymer systems. As a result of these trends there is a need for
sharing of information on progress achieved in the area of polymer
additives among engineers and scientists of the plastics industry
and academia.
This book is based on expanded and updated papers originally
presented at the International Symposium on Polymer Additives, which
was held in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was sponsored by the American
Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engi
neering. The book is divided into five parts which cover advances
in various areas of polymer additives. The first part is devoted
to the progress in understanding of UV degradation and stabilization
of various polymers. Oxidation degradation and stabilization of
plastic materials is covered in the second part. New developments
in the stabilization of PVC are presented in the third part. Prob
lems associated with flame retardance and smoke suppression are dis
cussed in the fourth part. The last section covers plasticizers,
fillers, fiber reinforcement and special additives.
v
PREFACE
I would like to thank Mrs. Iris Glebe for her efforts in
typing this book and for help with editing, and Dianne Lewis for
her assistance in preparation of the index. Thanks is also due to
the editors of Plenum Press for their patience and for helpfulness
with the manuscript.
Jiri E. Kresta
Polymer Institute
University of Detroit
April, 1984
CONTENTS
Io UV DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION OF POLYMERS
Recent Developments in Photodegradation and
Photostabilization of Polydienes 1
0
Jo Fo Rabek
Advances in UV Stabilization of Polyethylene 17
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fo Lo Gugumus
Hindered Amines as Antioxidants in UV Exposed
Polymers 35
0 0 0 0 0
D. J. Carlson, K. H. Chan, J. P. Tovborg Jensen,
D. M. Wiles and J. Durmis
Effect of Various Additives on the Photodegradation
of Polyurethanes 49
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 •
Zo Osawa, E. Tajima, T. Yanagisawa and K. Suzuki
Photochemical Degradation and Biological Deface
ment of Polymers - I • 61
0 0 0 0 •
Po D. Gabriele, Jo R. Geib, J. S. Puglisi
and W. Jo Reid
UV Stabilization of Instant Color Photographs 71
Io 00 Salyer and Ao M. Usmani
vii
viii CONTENTS
Photochemical Grafting of Acrylated Azo Dyes on
Polymeric Surfaces VI. Effect of 1,2
Diphenyl, 2,2-Dimethoxy, Ethanone as Photo
initiator of the Grafting of Some Acryloxy
Substituted of Aromatic Diazenes onto Poly
(propylene) and Poly(caprolactam) Fibers 83
I. R. Bellobono, S. Calgari and E. Selli
II. OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION
Critical Phenomena in the Inhibited Oxidation
of Polymers • • . • • . . • • • • • • 95
Yu. A. Shlyapnikov
Critical Temperature for Solubility of a
Phenolic Antioxidant . • • • . 103
V. J. Kuck
An Automated, Multistation, Oxygen Uptake System. • . •. 111
J. C. Wozny
Recent Developments in Phosphorus Stabilizers 127
E. Lewis
Thermooxidation and Stabilization of Urethane
and (Urethane-urea) Block Copolymers . 135
G. N. Hathur and J. E. Kresta
III. STABILIZATION OF PVC
Model Compounds Studies to Establish the Basic
Mechanism for Tin Stabilizers in PVC • 155
A. Guyot, A. Michel and T. V. Hoang
Reactions of PVC with Organotin Stabilizers
Under Controlled Conditions 171
G. Ayrey, S. Y. Hsu and R. C. Poller
New Mercapto Esters as Intermediates for PVC
Stabilizers .•..••• 189
G. P. Mack
CONTENTS ix
IV. FLAME RETARDANCE AND SMOKE SUPPRESSION
The effects of Bromine and Antimony-Containing
Flame Retardants on the Burning
Characteristics of Polyethylene 203
Y.-L. Hsieh and K. Yeh
Molybdenum Smoke Suppressants in PVC • • 215
F. W. Moore, G. A. Tsigdinos and T. R. Weber
Mechanism of PVC Fire Retardance by Molybdenum
(VI) Oxide. Further Evidence in Favor
of the Lewis Acid Theory • • • • . • 237
W. H. Starnes, Jr., L. D. Wescott, Jr., W. D.
Reents, Jr., R. E. Cais, G. M. Villacorta,
I. M. PIitz and L. J. Anthony
V. PLASTICIZERS, FILLERS AND ADDITIVES
Diffusion of Additives and Plasticizers in PVC -
III. Diffusion of Three Phthalate
Plasticizers in PVC 249
P. J. F. Griffiths, K. G. Krikor and G. S. Park
Effect of Additives on Properties of Coating
Processes of Polyphenylquinoxalines 261
Lu Fengcai, Wang Beiging and Chang Jinbiao
Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics
of Polyolefins . . . • . • • . • • 273
H. M. Gilroy and M. G. Chan
Dynamic Mechanical Investigations of Highly
Filled Polyethylene 289
R. Kosfeld, T. Uhlenbroich and F. H. J. Maurer
The Use of Titanate Coupling Agents for Improved
Properties and Aging of Plastic
Composites and Coatings . • • • • • • • 301
S. J. Monte and G. Sugerman
Compounding of Additives and Fillers 343
K. Eise
The Effect of Lubricants on the Extrusion
Characteristics of PVC • 351
E. A. Collins, T. E. Fahey and A. J. Hopfinger
x CONTENTS
Precipitated Calcium Carbonates as Ultraviolet
Stabilizers and Impact Modifiers in
PVC Siding and Profiles • • • • • 371
K. K. Mathur and D. B. Vanderheiden
Iron Compounds as Adhesion Promoters for Bitumen 391
J. Shim-ton, S. Varevoraku1 and
R. T. Woodhams
Index. 403