Polyethylene-Based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposities

321 Pages·2015·4.48 MB·English

by  Martínez Morlanes, María Jose, P. M., Visakh

Polyethylene-Based Blends,
Composites and Nanocomposites
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Polyethylene-Based
Blends, Composites and
Nanocomposites
Edited by
Visakh P. M.
and
María José Martínez Morlanes
Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-83128-1
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Polyethylene-Based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites:
State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1
Visakh. P. M., and María José Martínez Morlanes
1.1 U ltra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for
Orthopaedic Devices: Structure/Property Relationships 2
1.1.1 Introduction - HDPE and UHMWPE 2
1.1.2 Chemical Structure 3
1.1.3 Crystallinity and Melting Behavior 3
1.1.4 Molecular Weight 4
1.2 Stabilization of Irradiated Polyethylene by Introduction
of Antioxidants (Vitamin E) 4
1.2.1 Introduction 4
1.2.2 Vitamin E Stabilized Polyethylenes 5
1.3 Polyethylene-Based Conducting Polymer
Blends and Composites 5
1.3.1 Introduction 5
1.3.2 Preparation 6
1.4 Polyethylene Composites with Lignocellulosic Material:
A Brief Overview 7
1.4.1 Introduction 7
1.4.2 Coupling Agents and Fibre Chemical Treatments 7
1.5 LDH as Nanofillers of Nanocomposite
Materials Based on Polyethylene 8
1.6 U ltra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and
its Reinforcement/Oxidative Stability with Carbon
Nanotubes in Medical Devices 10
1.7 Montmorillonite Polyethylene Nanocomposites 11
1.8 Characterization Methods for Polyethylene-Based
Composites and Nanocomposites 12
References 13
v
vi Contents
2 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for
Orthopaedic Devices: Structure/Property Relationships 21
Maurice N Collins, Declan Barron and Colin Birkinshaw
2.1 Introduction - HDPE and UHMWPE 22
2.2 Chemical Structure 23
2.3 Crystallinity and Melting Behaviour 24
2.3.1 Avrami Theory 28
2.3.2 Lauritzen - Hoffman Theory 30
2.3.3 Crystal Growth Regimes 30
2.4 Molecular weight 31
2.5 Mechanical Properties 32
2.5.1 Creep 33
2.6 Sterilisation by Gamma Rays 34
2.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 36
References 38
3 Stabilization of Irradiated Polyethylene by Introduction of
Antioxidants (Vitamin E) 41
Emmanuel Richaud
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Types of Antioxidants 42
3.2.1 Mechanism of Oxidation 42
3.2.2 General Principles of Stabilization 46
3.2.2.1 Stabilization by Decreasing Initiation Rate 46
3.2.2.1 Stabilization by Increase Termination Rate 47
3.3 Stabilization by Vitamin E 51
3.3.1 Structure and Biological Function of Vitamin E 51
3.3.2 Mechanism of Stabilization of Vitamin E 52
3.3.3 Methods of Incorporation of Vitamin E 59
3.3.3.1 Strategy for Adding Vitamin E 59
3.3.3.2 On the Solubility of Vitamin E in
UHMWPE  62
3.3.3.3 On the Diffusivity of Vitamin E in
UHMWPE  65
3.3.4 Vitamin E Stabilized Polyethylenes 69
3.4 Analysis of the Content of Vitamin E 74
3.4.1 FTIR 74
3.4.2 UV 75
3.4.3 HPLC 78
3.4.4 Thermal Methods 79
Contents vii
3.5 Conclusions 80
APPENDIX: Structure of Stabilizers 82
References 83
4 Polyethylene-Based Conducting Polymer Blends and
Composites 93
Sudip Ray, Ashveen Nand and Paul A. Kilmartin
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Preparation 95
4.2.1 In situ Polymerization 95
4.2.2 Solution Blending 97
4.2.3 Melt Blending 98
4.3 Characterization 99
4.3.1 Spectroscopy 99
4.3.1.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy 99
4.3.1.2 Raman Spectroscopy 100
4.3.1.3 UV-vis Spectroscopy 101
4.3.1.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 101
4.3.1.5 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
(ESR) 102
4.3.2 Microscopy 102
4.3.3 Thermal Analysis 104
4.3.4 X-ray Diffraction 105
4.4 Properties 106
4.4.1 Mechanical 106
4.4.2 Electrical Conductivity 106
4.4.3 Antioxidant 107
4.4.4 Antimicrobial 108
4.5 Applications 110
4.5.1 Antistatic Materials 110
4.5.2 Food Packaging 110
4.5.3 Membranes 110
4.6 Concluding Remarks 111
Acknowledgement 111
References 112
viii Contents
5 Polyethylene Composites with Lignocellulosic Material 117
Emanuel M. Fernandes, João F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis
5.1 Introduction 118
5.2 Materials 119
5.2.1 Polyolefins 119
5.2.2 Recycled Polyolefins 120
5.2.3 Natural Fibres 120
5.3 Coupling Agents and Fibre Chemical Treatments 126
5.3.1 Coupling Agents used in Compounding 127
5.3.2 Chemical Pretreatments of Lignocellulosic Fibres 128
5.4 Composites Processing and Properties 132
5.4.1 Extrusion 135
5.4.2 Compression Moulding 139
5.4.3 Injection Moulding 139
5.4.4 Pultrusion 140
5.4.5 Rotational Moulding 141
5.5 Industrial Applications of Polyethylene
with Lignocellulosic Fibres 142
5.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 145
References 146
6 Layered Double Hydroxides as Nanofillers of Composites and
Nanocomposite Materials Based on Polyethylene 163
V. Rives, F. M. Labajos and M. Herrero
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Composites and Nanocomposites
with Lamellar Fillers 164
6.3 Layered Double Hydroxides: Structure,
Properties and Uses 165
6.3.1 Structure 166
6.3.2 Chemical Composition 167
6.3.3 Applications 169
6.3.4 Preparation Procedures 170
6.3.4.1 Precipitation Procedures 170
6.3.4.2 Induced Hydrolysis 171
6.3.4.3 The Salt-Oxide Method 171
6.3.4.4 Anion Exchange 172
6.3.4.5 The Reconstruction Method 172
6.3.4.6 The Sol-Gel Method 173
6.3.4.7 Urea Hydrolysis 173