Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PDF
Preview Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Edited by Gabor T. Kovacs MonashUniversity,Melbourne,Australia Bart C. J. M. Fauser UniversityMedicalCenter,Utrecht,Netherlands Richard S. Legro PennStateMedicalCenter,Hershey,PA,USA Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,New Delhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthe pursuitofeducation,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternational levelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108839334 DOI:10.1017/9781108989831 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2007,2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandto theprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,no reproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermission ofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2002 Secondedition2007 Thirdedition2022 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritish Library. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Kovacs,Gabor,1947April6–editor.|Fauser,B.C.J.M.(Bart C.J.M.),editor.|Legro,RichardS.,1957–editor. Title:Polycysticovarysyndrome/editedbyGaborT.Kovacs,Bart Fauser,RichardS.Legro. Othertitles:Polycysticovarysyndrome(Kovacs) Description:Thirdedition.|Cambridge;NewYork,NY:Cambridge UniversityPress,2022.|PrecededbyPolycysticovarysyndrome/edited byGaborT.Kovacs,RobertNorman.2nded.2007.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021024021(print)|LCCN2021024022(ebook)| ISBN9781108839334(hardback)|ISBN9781108989831(ebook) Subjects:MESH:PolycysticOvarySyndrome Classification:LCCRG480.S7(print)|LCCRG480.S7(ebook)|NLM WP320|DDC618.1/1–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021024021 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021024022 ISBN978-1-108-83933-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferred tointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurate andup-to-dateinformationthatisinaccordwithacceptedstandards andpracticeatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesare drawnfromactualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisethe identitiesoftheindividualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editors, andpublisherscanmakenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontained hereinistotallyfreefromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsare constantlychangingthroughresearchandregulation.Theauthors, editors,andpublishersthereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirector consequentialdamagesresultingfromtheuseofmaterialcontainedin thisbook.Readersarestronglyadvisedtopaycarefulattentionto informationprovidedbythemanufacturerofanydrugsorequipment thattheyplantouse. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents ListofContributors vi 1 IntroductiontoandHistoryofPolycystic 11 OvulationInductioninPolycysticOvary OvarySyndrome 1 Syndrome 102 GaborT.Kovacs EvertJ.P.vanSantbrink 2 PolycysticOvarySyndrome:From 12 OvarianSurgeryforOvulation PhenotypetoGenotype 8 Induction 110 JoopS.E.LavenandYvonne GaborT.Kovacs V.Louwers 13 InVitroFertilizationandAssisted 3 TheEpidemiologyofPolycysticOvary ReproductiveTechnologiesinPolycystic Syndrome 21 OvarySyndrome 121 LarisaSuturina SusieJacobandAdamBalen 4 OvarianUltrasonographyinPolycystic 14 PregnancyComplicationsandChildren OvarySyndrome 29 OutcomesinPatientswithPolycystic HeidiVandenBrinkandMarla OvarySyndrome 131 E.Lujan FemiJanseandBartC.J.M.Fauser 5 TheClassificationofPolycysticOvary 15 TheRoleofInVitroMaturationin SyndromeInformedbytheInternational PolycysticOvarySyndrome 142 Guideline2018 45 RogerJ.HartandMelanieWalls RobertJ.Norman,RhondaGaradand 16 TheTreatmentofObesityinPolycystic HelenaTeede OvarySyndrome 150 6 TheRelevanceoftheAnti-Müllerian HarryFrydenberg HormoneinPolycysticOvarySyndrome DiagnosisandManagement 52 17 MoodDisordersinPolycysticOvary Syndrome 162 MartinaCapuzzoandAntonioLa AnujaDokras Marca 18 TheLong-TermHealthConsequencesof 7 OriginsofPolycysticOvarySyndromeIn Utero 58 PolycysticOvarySyndrome 170 LisaOwensandStephenFranks RoyHomburgandClaudiaRaperport 19 PolycysticOvarySyndrome:ThePatient’s 8 AdrenalandPolycysticOvary Syndrome 67 Perspective 186 SabraLane OzlemCelikandBülentOkanYildiz 20 CancerandPolycysticOvary 9 PolycysticOvarySyndromeand EnvironmentalToxins 80 Syndrome 189 PaulHardiman EleniA.KandarakiandOlgaPapalou 10 LifestyleinPolycysticOvary Syndrome 92 RhondaGarad,SiewLimandLisa Index 201 Moran v Published online by Cambridge University Press Contributors AdamBalenMBBS,MD,DSc,FRCOG,Professor PaulHardiman MBBSMDFRCOGAssociate ofReproductiveMedicineandSurgery,Leeds ProfessorInstituteforWomen’sHealth, TeachingHospitals,Leeds,UK UniversityCollegeLondonHonoraryConsultant inObstetricsandGynaecology,RoyalFreeand MartinaCapuzzoDepartmentofMedicaland WhittingtonHospitalsLondon SurgicalSciencesforMother,ChildandAdult, UniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia, RogerJ.HartMBBS,MD,FRANZCOG,FRCOG Modena,ItalyClinicaEUGIN,Modena,Italy CREI,DivisionofObstetricsandGynaecology, UniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth, OzlemCelikDivisionofEndocrinologyand WesternAustralia;FertilitySpecialistsof WesternAustralia,BethesdaHospital,Claremont, Metabolism,DepartmentofInternalMedicine, WesternAustralia;KingEdwardMemorial AcibademUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Hospital Istanbul,Turkey RoyHomburgFRCOG,HomertonUniversity AnujaDokrasMD,PhD,ProfessorofObstetrics HospitalNHSTrust,London,UK andGynecologyDirector,PennPolycysticOvary SyndromeCenter;MedicalDirector,Hospitalof SusieJacobMBBS,MD,MRCOG,Consultant theUniversityofPennsylvaniaReproductive inReproductiveMedicine,Calderdaleand SurgicalFacility;ThePerelmanSchoolof HuddersfieldNHSFoundationTrust,UK MedicineoftheUniversityof FemiJanseMD,PhD,Departmentof Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA ReproductiveMedicineand BartC.J.M.FauserMD,PhD,Emeritus Gynecology,UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht, ProfessorofReproductiveMedicine,Universityof UniversityofUtrecht,theNetherlands Utrecht,Utrecht,theNetherlands EleniA.KandarakiMD,PhD,MRCPUK, StephenFranksFRCP,MD,FMedSci,Institute EuropeanUniversityCyprus,Nicosia,Cyprus ofReproductiveandDevelopmentalBiology, HygeiaHospital,Athens,Greece ImperialCollegeLondon,Hammersmith GaborT.KovacsAM,MD,FRANZCOG, Hospital,London,UK FRCOG,CREI,GradDipMgt,FAICD, HarryFrydenbergAM,FRACS,Director, ProfessorofObstetricsandGynaecology, Surgeon,EpworthCentreforBariatricSurgery MonashUniversity,Melbourne, Richmond,Victoria,Australia Australia RhondaGaradPhD,SeniorLecturerand AntonioLaMarcaProfessor,Obstetrics, ResearchFellow,MonashCentreforHealth GynecologyandReproductiveMedicine ResearchandImplementation,MonashUniversity UniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia PoliclinicodiModena,Italy RhondaGaradPhD,MPH,RNDiv.1 MonashCentreforHealthResearchand SabraLaneBA,President,NationalPressClub Implementation,Mona,MonashUniversity, ofAustralia,CanberraPresenter,AMprogram, Victoria,Australia AustralianBroadcastingCommission vi Published online by Cambridge University Press ListofContributors JoopS.E.LavenDivisionReproductive OlgaPapalouMD,PhD,HygeiaHospital, EndocrinologyandInfertility,Departmentof Athens,Greece ObstetricsandGynaecology,ErasmusUniversity ClaudiaRaperportMRCOG,PGCert(MedEd), MedicalCenter,Rotterdam,theNetherlands BMBS,BMedSCi,HomertonUniversityHospital SiewLimPhD,MND,BSc(Biomedical),Monash NHSTrust,London,UK CentreforHealthResearchandImplementation, LarisaSuturinaMD,PhD,Headofthe MonashPublicHealthandPreventiveMedicine, DepartmentofReproductiveHealthProtection, MonashUniversity,andMonashHealth, ScientificCenterforFamilyHealthandHuman Melbourne,Victoria,Australia ReproductionProblems,Irkutsk,Russian YvonneV.LouwersDivisionReproductive Federation EndocrinologyandInfertility,Department HelenaTeedeMBBS,FRACP,PhD,FAAHMS, ofObstetricsandGynaecology,Erasmus ExecutiveDirectorMonashPartnersAcademic UniversityMedicalCenter,Rotterdam,the HealthResearchTranslationCentre,Director Netherlands MonashCentreforHealthResearchand MarlaE.LujanPhD,MS,DivisionofNutritional Implementation,MonashUniversity, Sciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA EndocrinologistMonashHealth,Melbourne, Victoria,Australia LisaMoranPhD,BND,BSc(Hons),GDipPub Health,MonashCentreforHealthResearchand EvertJ.P.vanSantbrinkMD,PhD,Department Implementation,MonashPublicHealth ofReproductiveMedicine,ReinierdeGraaf andPreventiveMedicine,MonashUniversity, Group,theNetherlands andMonashHealth,Melbourne,Victoria, HeidiVandenBrinkPhD,MS,RDMS,Division Australia ofNutritionalSciences,CornellUniversity, RobertJ.NormanAO,MD,FRANZCOG, Ithaca,NY,USA FRCPA,CREI,FAHMS,GAICD,Professorof MelanieWallsBSc,BMedSci,PhD,Divisionof ReproductiveandPericonceptualMedicine, RobinsonResearchInstitute;ProfessorofWomen’s ObstetricsandGynaecology,Universityof WesternAustralia,Perth,WesternAustralia; HealthattheMonashCentreforHealthResearch FertilitySpecialistsofWesternAustralia, andImplementationMCHRI,MonashUniversity; BethesdaHospital,Claremont,Western ConsultantandSubspecialistinReproductive Australia;SchoolofMedicalandHealthSciences, EndocrinologyandInfertility,FertilitySA,Royal EdithCowanUniversity,Joondalup,Western AdelaideHospital,Adelaide,Australia Australia LisaOwensMB,BCh,BAO,MRCPI,PhD, BülentOkanYildizMD,ProfessorofMedicine ConsultantPhysician&Endocrinologist StJames’sHospital,Dublin,Ireland;Clinical andEndocrinology,HacettepeUniversity SchoolofMedicine,Departmentof SeniorLecturerinMedicine,TrinityCollege InternalMedicineDivisionofEndocrinology Dublin,IrelandandHonorarySeniorLecturer, andMetabolism,Ankara,Turkey ImperialCollegeLondon,UK vii Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Chapter Introduction to and History of Polycystic 1 Ovary Syndrome Gabor T. Kovacs Althoughthemodernhistoryofpolycysticovary Irving Stein was born in Chicago on syndrome (PCOS) started with the pivotal paper September 19, 1887, the seventh of ten children, by Stein and Leventhal in 1935,[1] there are to Adolf Stein and Emma Freiler. Stein initially suggestions that the “syndrome” was referred completed a science degree at the University of to as early as in the time of Hippocrates (ca. Michigan and subsequently obtained a medical 460–377 BC). Medical notes at the time referred degreefromRushMedicalCollegeinChicagoin towomen“whosemenstruationislessthanthree 1912.Afteratwo-yearinternshipatMichaelReese daysorismeager,arerobust,withahealthycom- Hospital in Chicago, he joined the hospital’s plexionandamasculineappearance;yettheyare obstetricsandgynecologydepartmentasanassis- notconcernedaboutbearingchildrennordothey tantinsurgery,focusingonwomen’sreproductive becomepregnant”andsuggestthattheymayhave health and obstetrics and reaching “attending beendescribingwomenwithPCOS.[2] physician” status by 1915. He married Lucile IthasalsobeenrecordedthatSoranusofEphesus Oberfelderin1921,andtheyhadtwochildren,a (ca.AD98–138)describedsome women“whodid son, Irving F. Stein Junior, and a daughter, not menstruate at all, whose bodies are of Eleanor H. Rusnak. Stein was also a professor at amasculinetype...weobservethatthemajorityof NorthwesternUniversityandestablishedaprivate thosenotmenstruatingareratherrobust,likemann- practiceatHighlandParkHospital,Illinois.[3] ish and sterile women.” More recent accounts of Steinwasknownasawarmandcaringdoctor women who probably had PCOS are given by aswellasadignifiedandrespectedteacher,often Maimonides(1135–1204):“therearewomenwhose found with a large group of fellow doctors and skinisdryandhard,andwhosenatureresemblesthe nursesfollowinghimwhilehedidhisrounds.One nature of a man. However, if any woman’s nature ofhiscolleagues,MelvinCohen,statedthat“Stein tendstobetransformedtothenatureofaman,this was meticulous in everything he did, including does not arise from medications, but is caused by patientcare,surgery,andevenhisappearance,as heavy menstrual activity”; and by the sixteenth- Steinoftenworeaboutonnieretothehospital.” century obstetrician and surgeon Ambroise Paré Michael Leventhal joined Steinat the Michael (1510–1590), who observed: “Many women, when ReeseHospitalin1926,wheretheycollaboratedon theirflowersortearmesbestopped,degenerateafter research into “sterility in women.” Michael Leo amannerintoacertainemanlynature,whencethey LeventhalwasalsoborninChicagoandgraduated are called Viragines, that is to say stout, or manly fromRushMedicalCollege,but12yearsafterStein women;thereforetheirvoiceisloudandbigger,like (1924). Apart from military service as a medical untoamans,andtheybecomebearded.” officer inthe USArmy, hespenthisentire career Alltheseobservationsfitthesymptomatology workingattheMichaelReeseHospital. of PCOS – menstrual irregularity, subfertility, Before Leventhal, Stein was working with masculine features and obesity. However, it was Robert Arens studying ovarian abnormalities and the1934presentationandsubsequentpublication developedamethodforimagingthereproductive byIrvingSteinand MichaelLeventhalthatiden- organsbyinjectingcarbondioxide intothepelvis tified this condition as a reproductive disorder andiodizedoilintothefallopiantubes,combined and proposed an effective treatment – bilateral with X-ray examination. This enabled measuring ovarianwedge resection(BOWR)– for the asso- the dimensions of the ovaries and the patency of ciatedsubfertility.[1] the tubes. It was through using this technology 1 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108989831.001 Published online by Cambridge University Press
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