Polychaeta Errantia of Antarctica

139 Pages·2000·5.24 MB·English

ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
American Geophysical Union
ANTARCTIC
RESEARCH
SERIES
American Geophysical Union
Volume 1
BIOLOGY OF THE ANTARCTIC SEAS
Milton O. Lee, Ed.
Volume 2
ANTARCTIC SNOW AND ICE STUDIES
Malcolm Mellor, Ed.
VolUllle 3
POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Olga Hartman
ANTARCTIC
Volume 3 RESEARCH
SERIES
Polychaeta Errantia
of Antarctica
Olga Hartman
CONTRIBUTION 263 OF THE ALLAN HANCOCK FOUNDATION
Published with the aid ofa grantfrom the National Science Foundation
PUBLISHER
AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION
OF THE
National Academy ofSciences - National Research Council
Publication No. 1226
1964
ANTARCTIC
Volume3 RESEARCH
SERIES
POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
OlgaHartman
Copyright © 1964by the American Geophysical Union
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LibraryofCongress Catalogue Card No. 64-60091
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GaraInondjPridemarkPress, Inc.
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THE ANTARCTIC RESEARCH SERIES
DURING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR discussions were held arllong geo
physicists, biologists, geologists, and others-discussions aimed at developing a me
dium for thepublication ofthe papers resulting froIll the intensive research 'York being
done in Antarctica. The Antarctic Research Series is designed to provide this mediunl,
presenting authoritative work with uniformly high scientific and editorial standards
froIll leading scientists engaged in Antarctic research.
In a sense the series continues a tradition dating from the earliest days of geo
graphic exploration and scientific expeditions-the tradition of the expeditionary
volumes which set forth in rich detail everything that was seen and studied. But in
much of the present Antarctic work one expedition blends into the next, and it is no
longer scientifically meaningful to separate them. However, Antarctic research in all
disciplines has a large degree of coherence and deserves the modern counterpart to the
expeditionary volumes of past decades and centuries.
Papers appearing in the series represent original contributions too lengthy or
otherwise unsuitable for publication in the standard scientific journals. The material
published is directednot onlyto scientists actively engaged in the work but to graduate
students and scientists in closely related fields as well. The series will serve as a source
of information both for the specialist and for the layman versed in the biological and
physical sciences. Many of the early volumes will be cohesive collections of research
papers grouped around a central theme. An editor for each book is dra",Tn from the
discipline it represents, as are the reviewers on whom each editor relies.
Early in 1963 the National Science Foundation made a grant to the American
GeophysicalUnionto initiatetheseries, and a BoardofAssociateEditors was appointed
to crystallize and implement it. To represent the broad nature of the series, the mem
bers of the Board were chosen from all fields of Antarctic research. They include
Jarvis Hadley, representing geology and solid Earth geophysics; Harry W. Wells,
aeronomy and geomagnetism; A. P. Crary, seismology and glaciology; George A.
Llano, botany and zoology; Waldo L. Schmitt, marine biology and oceanography;
and Morton J. Rubin, rneteorology. AGU staff members contributing to the Series
include Carol E. Cameron, managing editor, and Marie L. Webner, style editor.
HARRY W. WELLS
Chairman, Board of Associate Editors
Antarctic Research Series
v
PREFACE
THIS HANDBOOK, dealing with the Polychaeta Errantia of the Antarctic, is the first of
two parts; the second part will deal with the Polychaeta Sedentaria. Together,
the two books contain basic information on all Antarctic polychaetes; included are
all known records south of the fiftieth parallel, and some farther north into sub
Antarctic areas. Generally, Gough Island, Tristan da Cunha, and some other islands
south of New Zealand have not been included.
Complete synonymies for each species have been compiled from the literature,
reproduced or redrawn illustrations presented, and short diagnoses prepared, based in
part on specimens Dr. Hartman has examined. To make each record complete, the
geographic distribution of each species has been checked and listed.
Wherever necessary, examinations of polychaetes from sources other than the
Antarctic are included to establish the validity of a species of questionable identity.
Fresh materials resulting from USARP investigations in Antarctic waters, includ
ing the extensive collections of the Eltanin cruises from the surface to 2890 fathoms
and the earlier collections made by the Deep Freeze Operations (I-VI) of the U. S.
Navy, will be reported in a supplementary part.
For a reasonably knowledgeable biologist this first-class reference work will serve
as a handbook, because, with its diagnoses and illustrations, the nonspecialist can
orienthimself amongthe annelid worms and can make helpful, if only tentative, identi
fications withthehelpofthe contributed keys to genera and species. For the specialist,
on the other hand, this work will be a ,velcome and indispensable tool.
WALDO L. SCHMITT
Board of Associate Editors
Vll
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I AM GRATEFUL to Waldo L. Schmitt of the United States National Museum, who has
given me his enthusiastic support and demonstrated the immediate need for this and
other handbooks on Antarctic faunas. Carl Petterson, scientific illustrator, prepared
the map and faithful copies of the illustrations used on the plates of figures. Karen
Clark, technical assistant to the author, gave much aid in the preparation of the manu
script, in critical reading and typing of it. I am indebted to them all for their help
and encouragement.
The·library of the Allan Hancock Foundation, depository of a nearly complete
file of Antarctic literature, provided many important references.
This study was supported by the Allan Hancock Foundation of the University of
Southern California, and by part of a grant from the National Science Foundation to
the University of Southern California.
OLGA HARTMAN
Allan Hancock Foundation
University of Southern California
Los Angeles
IX
CONTENTS
The Antarctic Research Series
Harry W. Wells v
Preface
Waldo L. Schmitt . vii
Acknowledgn1ents . IX
Historical Summary . 1
Physical Characteristics of Antarctica . 3
Systematic List ofPolychaeta Errantia . 7
Descriptions of Species . 11
Bibliography . 128
Xl
HISTORICAL SUMMARY
T'HE EARLIEST EXPEDITIONS to Antarctic and sub 1893. In Smyth Channel and South Georgia v. der
Antarctic realms, from that of Ferdinand Magal Steinen collected, and Paessler in Smyth Channel and
haens in 1520 and others to 1850, were chiefly explora Gregory Bank. Kophamel explored deeper bottoms in
tory and interested in sealing and whaling. The first 56 to 62 fathoms. The polychaetes of these collectors
one known to have taken a polychaete was the French were described by Ehlers [1897] who reported 85
Zelee, 1837-1840, under the command of Dumont species of which 32 were new. A more comprehensive
d'Urville, to the Adelie Coast. A pelagic polychaete, and later report by Ehlers [1901] summarized the
now known as Tomopteris carpenteri, was briefly first collections of Michaelsen and his associates, as well as
described by Quatrefages in 1865. The British, 1839 those by Nordenskjold in 1895 and 1897, and by Plate
1843, in the Erebus and Terror under James Clark in 1893 to 1895, to the southern end of South America.
Ross penetrated the ice pack and went as far south as Ehlers [1901] reported a total of 137 species from the
Cape Adare and Narcon in Victoria Land. Several Magellan area. It is worth noting that the collections,
polychaetes were taken and named by Baird [1865a, includingmany types ofspecimens, have probably been
b,c; 1870]; they included Terebella flabellum, T. destroyed in the war years.
bilineata, Eunice narconi, Serpula narconensis, ?Lanice The Belgian Antarctic Expedition in the Belgica,
sp., and Thelepus sp. (see below). 1897-1899, under Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery,
In 1851-1853 the Swedish frigate Eugenie, under penetrated to the Berlingshausen Sea, 71°30/S latitude.
C. A. Virgin, in a voyage around the world reached Emile Racovitza, who accompanied the expedition,
Kerguelen, Patagonia, and passed through the Magel collected annelids and noted color and biological rela
lan area in 1852. Carl Skogman [1856] described the tions, resulting in an unusually interesting report. The
voyage. The ship's physician and zoologist, J. G. H. polychaetes, with 46 species of which 3 were new, were
Kinberg, described 27 species of polychaetes between described by Fauvel [1936]; 14 species or 30% were
1855 and 1910. The first known polychaetes from these then regarded as cosmopolitan in occurrence.
southern latitudes, therefore, are three polynoids The German expedition around the world in the
named by Kinberg in 1855. Valdivia, 1898-1900, explored Antarctica south of
The next expedition yielding polychaetes was that Madagascar to 100 miles north of Enderby Land. The
of the German ship, Gazelle, in 1876 under von polychaetes with 46 species were named by Ehlers
Schleinitz, to Kerguelen and the Magellan area. [1912a]. The British Southern Cross, 1898-1900,
Twenty-one species were described by Grube [1877]. commanded by Borchgrevink, penetrated to Cape
Studer [1879] gave an account and analysis of the Adare in Victoria Land and the west side of the Ross
Kerguelen fauna. Sea; 16 species of polychaetes were named by Willey
The British Challenger, 1873-1876, penetrated south [1902].
to 99°E off Queen Mary Coast near the mainland of One of the richest hauls of polychaetes taken from
Antarctica. The polychaetes taken were described by Antarctic seas was that by the German Gauss, 1901
McIntosh [1885] who named 62 species from this 1903, under Erich von Drygalski, in the Wilhelm
region. The French mission to Cape Horn, 1882-1883, II Coast area. The benthic polychaetes, with 206
in the Romanche, collected 47 species which were species of which 80 were Antarctic, were described by
named byFauvel [1941] and an additional 6 spirorbid Ehlers [1913], and the Gymnocopa or Tomopteridae
serpulids named by Caullery and Mesnil [1897]. by Ehlers [1917]. The best represented polychaetes
German zoologists, W. Michaelsen andhis associates, were found to be the Syllidae, Terebellidae, and
collected in the Magellan area; the Ushuaia area ,vas Phyllodocidae.
visited in October 1892 and the Falkland Islands in The Swedish Antarctic Expedition, under Otto
1
2 POLYCHAETA ERRANTIA OF ANTARCTICA
Nordenskjold, in the ill-fated Antarctic, in 1901-1904 Sir Douglas Mawson, explored Commonwealth Bay,
penetrated the Weddell quadrant. Although the ship Adelie Coast, and more northern areas. Polychaetes,
and many collections were lost, it resulted in an im with 128 species, were named by Benham [1921;
pressive array of scientific results. The Maldanidae 1927].
were described by Arwidsson [1911]; the Phyllo The Norwegian Antarctic Expeditions, 1927-1928,
docidae by Bergstrom [1914; 1916], the Terebel 1928-1929, and 1930-1931, explored areas in the
lidae and Ampharetidae by Hessle [1917]; the Spioni vicinity of South Georgia and Bouvet Island. The
dae by S'oderstrom [1920]; the sabelliform worms by southernmost areas were 62° to 68°S latitude, and the
Johansson [1922]; the pelagic polychaetes by Stop westernmost were 55° to 900W longitude; depths
Bowitz [1951], and other polychaetes by Hartman ranged to 750 meters. The benthic polychaetes were
[1953]. named, with about 80 species, by Augener [1932a,b],
The British National Antarctic Expedition in the and 8 pelagic species by Stop-Bowitz [1949].
Discovery, in 1901-1904, under the command of The British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Re
Robert F. Scott, wintered at Hut Point, McMurdo search Expedition (BANZARE), 1929-1931, under
Sound, in the Ross Sea, where numerous polychaetes Sir Douglas Mawson, resulted in the description by
weretaken. Ehlers [1912b] named 46species ofwhich Monro [1939] of 143 species ofwhich eightwerenew.
11 were new, and two parasitic myzostomes were The British ships, Discovery I, Willia,m Scoresby, and
named by Stummer-Traunfels [1908]. The Scottish Discovery II, to Antarctica in 1926-1927 and 1931
National Antarctic Expedition in the Scotia, 1902 1933, resulted in polychaetes numbering 220 benthic
1904, under the direction of W. S. Bruce, explored the species in 128 genera, of which 29 species were new,
Falkland Islands, the South Orkneys, and the Weddell and 25 pelagic species in 17 genera, described by
quadrant. Four species of Nereidae were named by Monro [1930], and 159 species of which 8 species and
Ramsay [1914] and the serpuliform annelids by 6 varieties were new, described by Monro [1936].
Pixell [1913]. Not all of these records are in the Antarctic area.
The Falkland Islands were the site of shallow water Tebble [1960] described the pelagic polychaetes of
collecting by R. Vallentin in 1898-1899, for which the Discovery.
a few polychaetes were named by Fauvel [1916] and The numerous exploring expeditions of the United
Pratt [1898; 1901]. States, from the first in 1838-1842, to the most recent
The first French Expedition in the Fran~ais, 1903 including the U.S. Navy Antarctic Deep Freeze series,
1905, under the command of the French physician may have resulted in many collections of polychaetes,
Jean B. Charcot, went to the Palmer Archipelago, but only a few have been reported [Hartman, 1952].
Booth Island, Flandres Bay, Wieneke Island, and Recent French expeditions to Adelie Coast, 1950,
Biscoe Bay, south to 65° latitude, and explored in resulted in some polychaetes named by Fauvel [1951].
depths to 40 lneters. The polychaetes, with 36 species Soviet Antarctic expeditions (1955, 1958, 1959) in
of which 15 were new, were named by Gravier the Research Vessel Ob', resulted in collections of
[1906a,b,c; 1907a,b]. The second French Expedition, polychaetes named by Uschakov [1957; 1958]. The
1908-1910, in the Pourquoi Pas? also under Charcot, most recent investigations, including those of the U.S.
investigatedPalmer Archipelago, southto 700Slatitude Navy ship, Eltanin, have recovered samples from shal
and west to 1200W longitude, then northward to south low to great depths. These samples are currently being
western South America. Polychaetes of 51 species of studied.
which 14 were new were named by Gravier [1911a,b]. The purpose of this catalogue is to incorporate in
The British Antarctic Expedition in the Terra Nova, one volume the published records of previous expedi
1910-1913, under Robert F. Scott, entered Ross Sea tions, to give brief diagnoses of each species, with
into McMurdo Sound. The benthic polychaetes, with illustrations in most cases, and to indicate the known
54 species, were named by Benham [1927] and 5 distributions. Terminology in descriptions has been
pelagic species by Benham [1929]. The Australian modified in some instances to conform with that in
Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914, in the Aurora, under current use. A few systematic changes are indicated.