Pollution Prevention: Sustainability, Industrial Ecology, and Green Engineering, Second Edition

633 Pages·2017·7.919 MB·English

by  Dupont, R. Ryan, Ganesan, Kumar, Theodore, Louis

Second Edition
Pollution
Prevention
Sustainability, Industrial Ecology,
and Green Engineering

Second Edition
Pollution
Prevention
Sustainability, Industrial Ecology,
and Green Engineering
Ryan R. Dupont
Kumar Ganesan
Louis Theodore
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20160922
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Dupont, R. Ryan, author. | Ganesan, Kumar, 1945- author. | Theodore,
Louis, author.
Title: Pollution prevention : sustainability, industrial ecology, and green
engineering / Ryan Dupont, Kumar Ganesan, and Louis Theodore.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press,
2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016021822
Subjects: LCSH: Factory and trade waste--Management--Case studies. |
Pollution prevention--Case studies. | Industries--Energy conservation. |
Industrial safety.
Classification: LCC TD897 .D87 2017 | DDC 363.73/7--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021822
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xxi
Authors .........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Section i introduction to Preventive Waste Management
Chapter 1 Pollution Prevention .....................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................3
1.2 Environmental Regulations ...............................................................................3
1.2.1 Air Quality Management .....................................................................4
1.2.2 Water Quality Management .................................................................4
1.2.3 Solid Waste Management .....................................................................4
1.3 The Pollution Prevention Concept .....................................................................5
1.4 The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 ...............................................................7
1.4.1 Section 2 of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990—Findings
and Policy .............................................................................................7
1.4.2 Section 4 of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990—EPA Activities ...7
1.4.3 Section 7 of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990—Source
Reduction and Recycling Data Collection ...........................................8
References ....................................................................................................................8
Chapter 2 Industrial Ecology ........................................................................................................9
Contributing Author: Erica Crosley
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................9
2.2 Industrial Ecology Definitions ..........................................................................9
2.3 The History and Development of the Industrial Ecology Approach ...............10
2.3.1 Early History ......................................................................................10
2.3.1.1 Belgium ...............................................................................11
2.3.1.2 Japan ...................................................................................11
2.3.2 Recent History ....................................................................................11
2.4 Concepts of Industrial Ecology .......................................................................12
2.4.1 Sustainable Systems and Systems Analysis .......................................12
2.4.2 Material Flows and Transformations .................................................13
2.4.3 Natural Ecosystems ............................................................................13
2.5 Tools of Industrial Ecology .............................................................................14
2.5.1 Life Cycle Assessment .......................................................................14
2.5.2 Life Cycle Design and Design for the Environment ..........................14
2.5.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering ..........................................15
2.6 The Future of Industrial Ecology ....................................................................15
2.7 Illustrative Example: Kalundborg, Denmark ..................................................16
2.8 Summary .........................................................................................................18
References ..................................................................................................................18
v
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering ..................................................................21
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................21
3.2 Green Chemistry .............................................................................................21
3.3 Green Engineering ..........................................................................................23
3.4 Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering ..................................................24
References ..................................................................................................................26
Chapter 4 Sustainability ..............................................................................................................27
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................27
4.2 Historical Perspective ......................................................................................27
4.3 Resource Limitations .......................................................................................28
4.4 Sustainable Development Considerations........................................................30
4.5 Benchmarking Sustainability ..........................................................................31
4.6 Resources for Sustainability ............................................................................32
4.7 Future Trends ...................................................................................................33
References ..................................................................................................................33
Section ii engineering and Science Fundamentals
Chapter 5 Units and Definitions ..................................................................................................37
5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................37
5.2 Units.................................................................................................................37
5.2.1 Conversion of Units ............................................................................37
5.2.2 Dimensional Analysis ........................................................................38
5.3 Problem-Solving Methodology .......................................................................40
5.4 Fundamental Definitions .................................................................................40
5.4.1 Temperature ........................................................................................40
5.4.2 Pressure ..............................................................................................41
5.4.3 Moles and Molecular Weight .............................................................42
5.5 Illustrative Examples .......................................................................................42
References ..................................................................................................................44
Chapter 6 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Materials ......................................45
6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................45
6.2 Physical Properties ..........................................................................................45
6.2.1 Density................................................................................................45
6.2.2 Viscosity .............................................................................................45
6.2.3 Heat Capacity .....................................................................................46
6.2.4 Thermal Conductivity ........................................................................46
6.2.5 Diffusivity ..........................................................................................46
6.2.6 Vapor Pressure....................................................................................46
6.2.7 Boiling Point.......................................................................................47
6.2.8 Freezing Point.....................................................................................47
6.3 Chemical Properties ........................................................................................47
6.3.1 Flammability (or Explosion) Limit ....................................................47
6.3.2 Flash Point ..........................................................................................48
Contents vii
6.3.3 Autoignition Temperature ..................................................................48
6.3.4 Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction ...............................................................48
6.3.5 Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion ..........................................................49
6.3.6 Gross Heating Value ...........................................................................49
6.3.7 Net Heating Value ..............................................................................50
6.3.8 Theoretical Adiabatic Flame Temperature ........................................50
6.4 Biological Properties .......................................................................................50
6.4.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand ............................................................50
6.4.2 Ultimate Oxygen Demand ..................................................................51
6.4.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand ................................................................51
6.5 Properties of Mixtures .....................................................................................51
6.5.1 pH .......................................................................................................51
6.5.2 Partial Pressure ..................................................................................51
6.5.3 Humidity ............................................................................................52
6.6 Illustrative Examples .......................................................................................52
References ..................................................................................................................55
Chapter 7 Conservation Laws and Basic Principles ...................................................................57
7.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................57
7.2 Conservation of Mass ......................................................................................57
7.3 Conservation of Energy ...................................................................................58
7.4 Ideal Gas Law ..................................................................................................59
7.5 Phase Equilibrium ...........................................................................................60
7.6 Stoichiometry ..................................................................................................61
7.7 Thermochemistry ............................................................................................62
7.7.1 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium .........................................................62
7.7.2 Chemical Kinetics ..............................................................................63
7.8 Illustrative Examples .......................................................................................65
References ..................................................................................................................68
Chapter 8 Unit Operations ..........................................................................................................69
8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................69
8.2 Quantitative Approaches .................................................................................69
8.3 Unit Operation Classification ..........................................................................70
8.4 Mass Transfer ..................................................................................................71
8.4.1 Contact of Immiscible Phases ............................................................72
8.4.1.1 Gas–Gas..............................................................................72
8.4.1.2 Gas–Liquid .........................................................................72
8.4.1.3 Gas–Solid ...........................................................................73
8.4.1.4 Liquid–Liquid .....................................................................73
8.4.1.5 Liquid–Solid .......................................................................73
8.4.1.6 Solid–Solid .........................................................................74
8.4.2 Miscible Phases Separated by a Membrane .......................................74
8.4.2.1 Gas–Gas .............................................................................74
8.4.2.2 Liquid–Liquid .....................................................................74
8.4.2.3 Solid–Solid .........................................................................74
8.4.3 Direct Contact of Miscible Phases .....................................................75
8.5 Illustrative Examples .......................................................................................76
References ..................................................................................................................77
viii Contents
Section iii engineering Principles
Chapter 9 Process Equipment .....................................................................................................81
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................81
9.2 Chemical Reactors ...........................................................................................81
9.2.1 Reactor Definition ..............................................................................81
9.2.2 Reactor Type .......................................................................................81
9.3 Heat Exchangers ..............................................................................................83
9.4 Mass Transfer Equipment ................................................................................85
9.4.1 Distillation ..........................................................................................85
9.4.2 Adsorption ..........................................................................................86
9.4.3 Absorption ..........................................................................................86
9.4.4 Evaporation .........................................................................................86
9.4.5 Extraction ...........................................................................................87
9.4.6 Drying ................................................................................................87
9.5 Illustrative Examples .......................................................................................87
References ..................................................................................................................90
Chapter 10 Ancillary Processes and Equipment ..........................................................................91
10.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................91
10.2 Conveyance Systems .......................................................................................91
10.2.1 Pipes ...................................................................................................91
10.2.2 Ducts ...................................................................................................92
10.2.3 Fittings ................................................................................................93
10.2.4 Valves .................................................................................................93
10.2.5 Fans ....................................................................................................94
10.2.6 Pumps .................................................................................................95
10.2.7 Compressors .......................................................................................95
10.2.8 Stacks .................................................................................................95
10.3 Utilities ............................................................................................................96
10.3.1 Electricity ...........................................................................................96
10.3.2 Steam ..................................................................................................96
10.3.3 Water ..................................................................................................97
10.3.3.1 Cooling Water .....................................................................97
10.3.3.2 Potable and General Use Water ..........................................97
10.3.3.3 Demineralized Water ..........................................................97
10.3.4 Refrigeration .......................................................................................97
10.3.5 Compressed Air ..................................................................................98
10.3.6 Inert Gas Supplies ..............................................................................98
10.4 Material Transportation and Storage Equipment ............................................98
10.4.1 Gases ..................................................................................................98
10.4.2 Liquids ................................................................................................98
10.4.3 Solids ..................................................................................................99
10.5 Instruments and Controls ................................................................................99
10.5.1 Feedback Loop Instrumentation and Control Systems ....................100
10.5.2 Automatic Trip Systems and Interlocks ...........................................101
10.6 Illustrative Examples .....................................................................................101
References ................................................................................................................105
Contents ix
Chapter 11 Waste Treatment Processes and Equipment .............................................................107
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................107
11.2 Air Pollution Control Equipment and Processes ...........................................108
11.2.1 Particulate Control Devices..............................................................109
11.2.1.1 Cyclone Separators ...........................................................109
11.2.1.2 Electrostatic Precipitators .................................................109
11.2.1.3 Baghouses and Fabric Filters ............................................109
11.2.1.4 Venturi Scrubbers .............................................................110
11.2.2 Gaseous Control Devices .................................................................110
11.2.2.1 Absorbers ..........................................................................110
11.2.2.2 Adsorbers ..........................................................................111
11.2.2.3 Vapor Incinerators and Flares...........................................112
11.3 Water Pollution Control Equipment and Processes .......................................113
11.3.1 Physical Treatment ...........................................................................113
11.3.1.1 Flocculation and Sedimentation .......................................114
11.3.1.2 Dissolved Air Flotation.....................................................114
11.3.1.3 Filtration ...........................................................................114
11.3.1.4 Centrifugation ...................................................................115
11.3.1.5 Air Stripping .....................................................................115
11.3.1.6 Steam Stripping ................................................................115
11.3.1.7 Resin Adsorption ..............................................................116
11.3.1.8 Electrodialysis...................................................................116
11.3.2 Chemical Treatment .........................................................................117
11.3.2.1 Catalysis ............................................................................117
11.3.2.2 Calcination ........................................................................117
11.3.2.3 Electrolysis ........................................................................117
11.3.2.4 Hydrolysis .........................................................................118
11.3.2.5 Neutralization ...................................................................118
11.3.2.6 Oxidation ..........................................................................119
11.3.2.7 Photolysis ..........................................................................120
11.3.2.8 Reduction ..........................................................................120
11.3.3 Biological Treatment ........................................................................120
11.3.3.1 Activated Sludge ...............................................................120
11.3.3.2 Waste Stabilization Ponds and Lagoons ...........................121
11.3.3.3 Trickling Filters ................................................................122
11.3.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion .........................................................122
11.3.3.5 Composting .......................................................................123
11.3.3.6 Enzyme Treatment ............................................................123
11.4 Solid Waste Control Equipment and Processes .............................................123
11.4.1 Physical Treatment ...........................................................................123
11.4.1.1 Shredding ..........................................................................124
11.4.1.2 Air Classification ..............................................................124
11.4.1.3 Compaction .......................................................................124
11.4.2 Thermal Treatment ...........................................................................125
11.4.2.1 Incinerator Principles ........................................................125
11.4.2.2 Rotary Kiln Incinerators ...................................................127
11.4.2.3 Fluidized-Bed Incinerators ...............................................128
11.4.2.4 Multiple Hearth Incinerators ............................................129
11.5 Illustrative Examples .....................................................................................129
References ................................................................................................................134