Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes. The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry PDF
Preview Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes. The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 508 Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes The Role of Process Analytical Chemistry g 1 bs.acs.or08.fw00 Joseph J. Breen, EDITOR pu05 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency p://92- 2 | httbk-19 29, 2010.1021/ MichUa.eSl. JE. nDveirlolanrmceon, tEaDl IPTOroRt ection Agency October 2 | doi: 1 36 on 6, 199 163.34.1October Developed from a symposium sponsored d by 89.n Date: by tahte t Dheiv 2is0i1osnt oNf aEtniovniraoln Mmeeenttianlg C hemistry eo adati of the American Chemical Society, oc wnlubli Atlanta, Georgia, oP D April 14-19, 1991 American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1992 In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pollution prevention in industrial processes: the role of process analytical chemistry / Joseph J. Breen, editor, Michael J. Dellarco, editor. p. cm—(ACS symposium series, ISSN 0097-6156; 508) "Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Environmental Chemistry at the 201st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-19, 1991." g 1 bs.acs.or08.fw00 IInScBluNd 0es-8 b4ib1l2io-g2r4a7p8h-ic1a l references and index. u5 p0 p://92- 1. Factory and trade waste—Analysis—Congresses. 2. Chemistry, 29, 2012 | htt0.1021/bk-19 ACCnhhIeea.mm lyBtiiccircaae—ell nSSC,oo oJccnoiieesgtteyrype.. s hMs DeJse.i. ve tiIisIni.og nD ( 2eo0lfl1 aEsrtnc:ov i,1r M9o9ni1mc:h eanAetlta lJal .n,C t1ha9e, 5mG1ia-s t.r)y .V. .II VISIe.. r AAiemsm.e erriiccaann October 2 | doi: 1 T62D88.59—7.5d.cP2605 1992 92-302C8I8P 36 on 6, 199 163.34.1October TSthaen dpaarpde fro ur sIendfo irnm tahtiios np Sucbielinccaetsio—nP meremetasn ethncee m oifn iPmaupemr rfoeqru Pirreinmteednt Ls iborfa rAym Meraitcearnia Nls,a AtioNnSaIl by 89.Date: ZC3op9.y4r8ig-1h9t8 ©4. 1992 d n eo adati American Chemical Society oc wnlubli All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each Do P chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means—graphic or electronic—for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. 1992 Advisory Board ACS Symposium Series M. Joan Comstock, Series Editor V. Dean Adams Bonnie Lawlor Tennessee Technological Institute for Scientific Information University John L. Massingill Mark Arnold Dow Chemical Company University of Iowa g 1 Robert McGorrin bs.acs.or08.fw00 DUanvivide rBsaitkye ro f Tennessee Kraft General Foods u5 Julius J. Menn p0 p://92- Alexis T. Bell Plant Sciences Institute, 2 | httbk-19 University of California—Berkeley U.S. Department of Agriculture October 29, 2012 | doi: 10.1021/ APRforiibzneedrrat CmFe. BnBtorrsaaedl yR, eJsr.e arch VUMnianirvcsheenrasltl i PtPyeh coiolfl riMpasrio c higan 36 on 6, 199 Naval Research Laboratory Delmont Laboratories 163.34.1October MNaatrigoanraelt SAc.i eCnacvea Fnaouugnhd ation AM.a Tcraulamsatenr S Ccohlwleagretz by 89.Date: d n Dennis W. Hess John R. Shapley eo adati Lehigh University University of Illinois oc wnlubli at Urbana-Champaign Do P Hiroshi Ito IBM Almaden Research Center Stephen A. Szabo Conoco Inc. Madeleine M. Joullie University of Pennsylvania Robert A. Weiss University of Connecticut Mary A. Kaiser E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Peter Willett Company University of Sheffield (England) Gretchen S. Kohl Dow-Corning Corporation In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. Foreword THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book g 1 form. The purpose of this series is to publish comprehensive bs.acs.or08.fw00 bino otkims ed"e voef lothpee dc ufrrormen t syrmespeoarsciah, wbehiincgh daroen eu souna llay t"ospniacp, sphloutss u5 some review material on the topic. For this reason, it is neces p0 p://92- sary that the papers be published as quickly as possible. 2 | httbk-19 Before a symposium-based book is put under contract, the October 29, 2012 | doi: 10.1021/ pprtphoaraeoupp pneetordro s sp oeiisduac tr p eattea nhebederlx - erscf ecolovuorfi dp eceecwod ooem ndfatp ettr nhpetetrhsh i eovinsiro ss l itpuvroomee vinnefiei.etns ,w asIl nea d noaa dfcd f cotdehorip etthit aaoepcnnrpoc,sr le aol e apdcorrertiraia oftrtaen edn.oj deefesSc sdeto ia omctnthoeo. 163.34.136 on October 6, 199 Tbroeorhcgoioask mn. imzaTenerhno(esdn )ya atmouiofto nhtuhsos er ss oytrfhem evbpnieoo wstrhei u vmipsth,er ow ect hheoesrsei rb v eipeciawosp meererss s ut phaaeecnr cdveo idsridetthdoine rg (s b)te hydoe if t otttrhhhseee, d by 89.n Date: pedreitpoarsre, wcahmo ecrhae-rceka dthya tc oaplly n, eacnedss asruyb mreivt isthioen sfi nhaalv ep abpeeenrs mtoa dteh.e eo adati As a rule, only original research papers and original oc wnlubli review papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproduc Do P tions of previously published papers are not accepted. M. Joan Comstock Series Editor In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. Preface POLLUTION PREVENTION as a national environmental strategy has focused attention on technological disciplines that will make implementa tion of the strategy a reality. The two disciplines most discussed are industrial process engineering and alternative synthetic pathways for the design of "environmentally friendly" chemicals and formulations. Both are the center of attention as industry and environmental policymakers org 01 attempt to redesign processes to be more productive, while eliminating or October 29, 2012 | http://pubs.acs.2 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1992-0508.pr0 wwmtrrthaeeioidendtn rheutikA.G scmd ei etlgePrihodtmn zheAb ies oainaCadrnlrgfnd ed ep mtipc ywanrooior,wd nemlvuliaiehuitmsp—dnhittgeeavriinthisznpiia r eettrlotisrdo tho .nh pc enlmepere orsvteoesaccend cnehltaushsdae nscn lmoe atoftislih vplyc uoeiaattntg iorlycwai ,ncad ivaalenai enlegdnc rtdmmuidhef sd ey—etm fl raoobypnpiwry rs sooptef rlidortrylmoo uru dotcp(miumptPoricoeonvAotrv nsiraCt eeipyttad)i r on—n ewergdvq,fhi feusieipc nnalcooeetl tiir lqisotvletdyuunseao,at — l alc aliantuymlitnltomm sapi c.lmee roy,ndo utptrvitipoichnevlaredgee l 163.34.136 on October 6, 199 ltpaeinrncidenh cnoaiippqnludeere sasa .ttt e-o l Tirnmeoel ie aaeacbtnh layitelh yvaezne e dprs saus rcitmmciceupsussllyt,a rwib nepist rthror uucmmgesgiensen idtmr,se aqmmlu taiuirimsentmt eab eifenno trds s.eto aspibgCeinlroiaetntydit oifonnrvu oeommru astbi inamotsneei c , y 89.Date: nance and service concerns. aded bation and TPhreo cseyssm pAonsailuymti coaln Cwhheimchis ttrhyis" , bporoovki dise db aanse de,x c"iPtionlgl uftoirounm P froerv einndtiuosn oc wnlubli trial and academic researchers to be briefed on the new environmental oP ethic, pollution prevention, and the latest developments in community D right-to-know legislation. It was equally exciting and informative for environmentalists and environmental regulators and policymakers to be apprised of the results and progress of industrial and academic efforts on the application of process analytical chemistry to the environmental issues of source reduction and waste minimization. The technical discussions represented a broad spectrum of interests from industry, academia, sensor research centers, and the Department of Energy (DOE) National Labora tories. This volume includes real-world industrial applications from Mon santo, 3M, Du Pont, Dow, and Amoco. It includes contributions on sen sor technology development—surface acoustic wave, chemical array, and electrochemical devices—from university and private sector programs; ix In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. contributions on coupling membrane sampling interfaces with mass spec trometers for industrial process and environmental applications by univer sity and government research programs. Researchers from the DOE National Laboratories presented results on the use of fiber-optic immu- nosensors and on waste minimization via on-line and at-line process analytical chemistry. The most-represented laboratory in the volume is the Center for Pro cess Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington; 5 of the 24 chapters are by CP AC authors. This fact properly reflects their pre eminent role in U.S. industry-university research on process analytical chemistry. CP AC serves as a National Science Foundation success story in government-industry-university collaboration on seeking real-world solutions to industrial process and environmental problems. org 01 This book, with contributions by university faculty and students and 2 | http://pubs.acs.bk-1992-0508.pr0 bptahycre ea vdg1eeo9mn9vtii0eaosr nn. t mom ewanyto rwka enclldo nsesirtnrvdueuc tsaitvsr yea ly fr retaopmgreeestwehnoetrrak to ivnfeo srt,h ge osevunegvrgniermostensnm t,te hniatnatd l upissotsrluyleu, sta ioonnfd 29, 2010.1021/ DISTChLisA bIMooEkR was edited by Joseph J. Breen and Michael J. Dellarco in October 2 | doi: 1 Ethneviri ropnrimvaetnet acl aPpraoctietyc.t ioNn oA ogfefnicciyal i ss iunptepnodrte do ro r esnhdoourlsde mbee nint feorfr etdh.e U.S. 163.34.136 on October 6, 199 JUOO.fSSfEi.Pc HEe Jno. vBfi RTrEooEnNxm ice nStuabl sPtarontceecst ion Agency y 89.Date: Washington, DC 20460 aded bation MICHAEL J. DELLARCO ownloPublic OUf.Sfi.c Ee novf iRroensmeaernctha la Pndro Dteecvtieolno pAmgeenntc y D Washington, DC 20460 June 12, 1992 X In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. Chapter 1 Pollution Prevention The New Environmental Ethic Joseph J. Breen1 and Michael J. Dellarco2 1Office of Toxic Substances and 2Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460 2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-1992-0508.ch001 Peoiamnfsr o vphtsiheorperowea nrtk imiwtevyyeee sn. w wttoaiTintllhlh e toe ahuo centhfm e ipfeweeovd l eolpeu fartta hritalohi,sdn e si egth1acma9otse9n - 0oba spmen.co diolcO lmlu oartecni aoa dttln h ele eepnn arvvfseiuitrvr,noo edtnnnhammtemio eecennnont tna-taa lslw l i pdiloel lrisacetyirov. ne 29, 2010.1021/ Sanudp pionrctl ufdoer st heen vnierown mapepnrtoalaicsths ,- itnhdeu snteriwal iestths,i cla w- i-sm barkoeards, based 36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 gaemcneaanvndeidreroaamntle imcpdiue abnrneltsiagc,l u. g lpaooTtvilhoiecernyn s cm,b hateaosnle ltead n r fegougentuu ilrpsaeo t tololeru nsst viwaoirnniotd cnc hmop fnoerltonircomtyalsl - tm wpaoanolkdi ecd ryges oc,b avaadensreednsd m tohoefenn t 163.34.1October pmenoivlnliuirmtoiniozmna tepionrentav. le, Initnt iwdounils,l tsrroeiaqulur,c iaerne d rea rd eungceutwilao tnsoo,r cyrei acilny tccelorinmesgpt,s a.ac ntT dha mew oarosntlgees st and d by 89.n Date: icnoonrtgriabnuicti ocnhse mofis tth, ea ncdh ethmei cparlo ecnegssin eaenra,l ystyincathle cthice morisgta nwiicll abned adeatio integral to the full articulation and implementation of the new wnloublic vision. oP D Pollution prevention is the environmental ethic of the 1990s. It replaces two decades of national and state environmental policies based on pollution control (1-3). It represents the latest step in the evolution of environmental policy in industrialized nations, especially the United States. That policy over the past twenty years has progressed from a narrowly focused preoccupation with regulatory command and control of "end of pipe" releases; to a more practical "waste management" technology; to the more enlightened economics of "waste minimization." The advent of "waste minimization" was a watershed in the evolutionary process. It prompted industry, regulators, and environmentalists alike, to lift This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright Published 1992 American Chemical Society In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. 1. BREEN AND DELLARCO The New Environmental Ethic 3 their collective heads up from the seemingly interminable battles of special interests. It redirected their attention and energy away from "end of the pipe," and "fence-line" micro-environmental releases, back through the industrial facility or treatment process being controlled, right up to the front door and the planning table where the action begins. Added nagging problems of non-point source pollution provided further impetus to revisit the basic processes and systems polluting the environment. Pollution prevention emerged as the theme around which to establish a framework to protect the environment, in part, to confront the economic realities of the enormous costs associated with hazardous waste treatment and disposal. The almost common good sense of the pollution prevention concept seemed obvious to all. Past improvements in one medium invariably resulted in contamination of another. Transferring pollutants between environmental 2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-1992-0508.ch001 pdcasoopoolmplnulreutpoi.toaa iorcnAthnsm e, noesjeon fw itoansfi t prltny haao renda ldedo1v in9sge7ugml0orefps,ra ecawade nma dbswo yaa1r e t9ievn 8rfid0salues bxs nlitieonrby lsdle,oo eglnpauogaltvierineaorgrd nnw i.wmg emTiretehnh, testm h uasafaunftcicd crca oieele-lsnneosvtnwf uivtreloio rd cnog ocmnenrmteet arnteohttnialevt la eijsl o tsb, 29, 2010.1021/ wofo puolds shibavlee rteos pboen speust -i nso pulraccee .r eTdhuec tinoenw, rfercaymceliwngo,r ktr, ewatimthe an td aenfidn eddi shpioesraarl c-hy 36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 pfoorprot ivsoiendvsePe srfo railonll umdrteui aoswstnrohy nipc,s rhg.e ovtvoeIfen srtnneiooemn kpe noiastlc lcauaentnpi doata tnttbr hlaieesc tgseivoennelvue itrerioanotnvnemidsr.,oe nnthtmaeler negtr aaolru esp tsrna oate ngp oyal rlrfuaotyra nointfsd utost rbye 163.34.1October gcoorcocnuutrnrordell dew dwa taehnre dnc omlanantnadma gdieinsdap.to iosFanul. tmuTreehth epo rodolsbd l wpemoerlseic ailearsete aran vfdoo uimdneeddt h,t oosdu bsc ehr emassua ljttoherod ss eoin uw rbchieilclsih oo nf d by 89.n Date: fdeoaltluarr es iotef preremveednitaintigo nesx. poPsruerveesn ttoin gth peo clloumtimonu nbietfyo raet liat rogcec uanrsd htaos ththee waodrdkeedr s eo adati charged with the management of pollution. oc ownlPubli economAi cs. igWnihfiecnan wt apsotetesn atirael rbeednuecfeitd oofr i neldiumsitnriaatle pdo, lslauvtiinogns p irne vmeantteiorina liss result - D more product is produced from the same starting materials. Re-examination of manufacturing processes as part of a pollution prevention approach can produce a variety of unanticipated benefits such as conservation of energy and water and improved product quality. Given the escalating costs of waste handling in the 1980s, a program promoting source reduction can provide a major incentive to industrial firms. A dominant cost savings can be realized from significantly reduced future liability for future pollution. "Cradle to grave" responsibility for wastes generated has prompted industry to reassess old practices and long-established management techniques and perspectives on waste management and pollution controls. On the environmental side, the advantages of pollution prevention include improving the effectiveness of managing reduced waste streams; minimizing the uncertainty associated with the environmental impact of released pollutants; avoiding cross-media transfers of released pollutants, and In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992. 4 POLLUTION PREVENTION IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES protecting natural resources. Finally, pollution prevention is consistent with the public's "right-to-know" and "right-to-know more" laws, and with increased public scrutiny of industrial practices. Industrial Programs and Activities Industry, working harder to be good neighbors and responsible stewards of their products and processes, is aggressively engaged in a variety of pollution prevention activities both as trade associations and as individual companies. An extended description of successful trade association and individual company programs is available from EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention (3). A snap shot sampling of these programs would include: 2 | http://pubs.acs.org bk-1992-0508.ch001 TRpmadrreaohasntdpeearoecge tneAiC msntioshgbes e lnotmhehcte eiiCaac oalta1ftilhor 0 ce,nM h gsp euPaarmiforndeogituicygnrfaar,agl amsc apm.tn uridiArsnn e lc(trl1h4 is9p)Ce .8lA Me8essTn As tovooh ifcr mr eiiotmaheentm epimpo rbrpnoeoernv rgo(tserCg, a rtabMmharumeesAt .c)rod .eh foTqe CmumhniMeoeri ctreAp iadtar l id santitdonracerd riep:ptu esalsdsertt rs iyp icst'oispspl elaautktei ooanfn d 29, 2010.1021/ pofr ewveanstteio ann pde rre sleea. seTsh teo p trhoeg reanmvi rdoonems eonutt. linTeo tehvea lfuraamtee wproorgkr efsosr, tCheM Are duction 36 on October 6, 1992 | doi: 1 gcaonumdid pitnoagn Aq ieemunsave nmritriicofuaysnn tm f asPeucneiblttimratyoli -ltpes upraienmnc cia fiInipcnnl esurtseai tillute srta eesmpe (oesArm taP bnItedo)r. swid AaaersPnetIte i fsaey ln(s c5poo)r .ouh graarsge seasd p irtneo si mcforiplblloeewdm. esenAtt aPotIif'o sn 163.34.1October be1ny1v rpierroqinnucmiripienlnegts. i tgsOe nmneeer miocabf leAlrysP pItr'oso mpreroidntuecc iepa cleotisvo ednrisar eltlco te lpmyr oissptseeicoatnk ssh eataonl dtph ow, lsaluasftteeiot yng, e pnarneerdva ettinhotenio n(6 ). d by 89.n Date: API artNicautliaotnesa lt hPea i1n1ts p arinndc iCploeast ainsg gso Aalsss otoci awthioicnh (mNPemCbAe)r.s NshPoCuAld h aassp iar eb.o na adeatio fide Paint Pollution Prevention Program (April 1990). The goal of the program ownloPublic ims a"ttehrei apl ruotmilioztaitoino no, ft opxoilclus tuiosne panredv eenmtiiossnio inns o ruerd uecntviiorno namnden pt rothdruocutg hst eewffaercdtisvheip D in the paint industry" (7). The statement recommends each NPCA member company establish a waste reduction program to include setting priorities, goals and plans for waste and release reduction with preference first to source reduction, second to recycling/reuse and third to treatment. Company Programs (4). A review of company pollution prevention activities reveals some companies have programs which they are willing to share with the public and other companies whose efforts are considered internal and proprietary. The more accessible programs are usually with large multi-facility companies. They are engaged in a wide range of operations, from specialty chemicals to high technology electronics. Some programs are well established with formal names and acronyms. Others are newer and more informal. The earliest dates back to 1975, with some following in the early and mid-1980s and others initiated in the 1990s. In Pollution Prevention in Industrial Processes; Breen, J., et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1992.
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