Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Toward Cleaner Production

551 Pages·2000·1.46 MB·English

by  World Bank

Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Toward Cleaner Production
The World Bank Group
in collaboration with the
United Nations Environment
Programme and the United Nations
Industrial Development Organization
Copyright © 1999
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing April 1999
This report has been prepared by the staff of the World Bank. The judgments expressed do not necessarily reflect
the views of the Board of Executive Directors or of the governments they represent.
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Library of Congress Cataloging−in−Publication Data
Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998 : toward cleaner
production / in collaboration with the United Nations Environment
Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0−8213−3638−X
1. Factory and trade waste—Management. 2. Pollution prevention.
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998 1
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
I. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. II. United
Nations Environment Programme. III. World Health Organization.
IV. World Bank Group.
TD897.5.P645 1998
363.73'1—dc21 98−34574
CIP
The text and the cover are printed on recycled paper, with a flood aqueous coating on the cover.break
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments link
Foreword link
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Data Notes link
I— link
Overview
Pollution Management: Key Policy Lessons link
II— link
Implementing Policies in Practice
Basic Principles
Indicators of Pollution Management link
The Environmental Assessment Process link
Types of Environmental Standards link
Principles of Waste Avoidance and Utilization link
Efficient Use of Energy link
Monitoring Environmental Quality link
Setting Priorities
Comparative Risk Assessment link
Economic Analysis of Environmental Externalities link
The Effects of Pollution on Health: The Economic Toll link
Public Involvement in Pollution Management link
Analytical Support for Cost−Effective Pollution Control link
Air Quality Management
Airshed Models link
Removal of Lead from Gasoline link
Urban Air Quality Management link
CONTENTS 2
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Water Quality Management
Water Quality Models link
Integrated Wastewater Management link
Optimizing Wastewater Treatment link
Industrial Pollution Management
Developing a Culture of Industrial Environmental Compliance link
Environmental Audits in Industrial Projects link
Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14000 link
Implementing Cleaner Production link
Management of Hazardous Wastes link
Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers link
Financing Environment
Environmental Funds link
Pollution Charges: Lessons from Implementation link
Global and Transboundary Issues
Greenhouse Gas Abatement and Climate Change link
Least−Cost Approaches to Reducing Acid Emissions link
III— link
Project Guidelines
Principles of Industrial Pollution Management link
Monitoring link
Summary of Air Emission and Effluent Discharge Requirements link
Presented in the Industry Guidelines
Pollutants
Airborne Particulate Matter link
Arsenic link
Cadmium link
Lead link
Mercury link
Nitrogen Oxides link
Ground−Level Ozone link
Sulfur Oxides link
Pollutant Control Technologies
Airborne Particulate Matter: Pollution Prevention and Control link
CONTENTS 3
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Technical Considerations link
Nitrogen Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control link
Ozone−Depleting Substances: Alternatives link
Sulfur Oxides: Pollution Prevention and Control link
Industry Sector Guidelines
Aluminum Manufacturing link
Base Metal and Iron Ore Mining link
Breweries link
Cement Manufacturing link
Chlor−Alkali Plants link
Coal Mining and Production link
Coke Manufacturing link
Copper Smelting link
Dairy Industry link
Dye Manufacturing link
Electronics Manufacturing link
Electroplating link
Foundries link
Fruit and Vegetable Processing link
Glass Manufacturing link
Industrial Estates link
Iron and Steel Manufacturing link
Lead and Zinc Smelting link
Meat Processing and Rendering link
Mini Steel Mills link
Mixed Fertilizer Plants link
Nickel Smelting and Refining link
Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plants link
Oil and Gas Development (Onshore) link
Pesticides Formulation link
Pesticides Manufacturing link
Petrochemicals Manufacturing link
Petroleum Refining link
Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing link
CONTENTS 4
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants link
Printing link
Pulp and Paper Mills link
Sugar Manufacturing link
Tanning and Leather Finishing link
Textiles link
Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants link
Thermal Power: Rehabilitation of Existing Plants link
Vegetable Oil Processing link
Wood Preserving link
General Environmental Guidelines link
Glossary of Environmental Terms link
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook was prepared by a team from the World Bank and the
International Finance Corporation (IFC), led by Richard Ackermann (subsequently by David Hanrahan) and
comprising Gordon Hughes (Part I), David Hanrahan (Part II), and Anil Somani, Sanjeev Aggarwal, and Arthur
FitzGerald (Part III). Among the principal authors of individual guidelines were John Dixon, Arundhati Kunte,
Magda Lovei, and Kseniya Lvovsky. Sari Soderstrom provided the information in Table 3 of the chapter on
Indicators of Pollution Management. The Handbook is based on technical documents from the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and on
numerous commissioned reports by consultants. The documents have been extensively reviewed by several
governments, nongovernmental organizations, industry associations, and individual companies, as well as by the
World Bank's Industry and Mining Division (IENIM), the IFC, and a World Bank/IFC Steering Committee.
Hans−Roland Lindgren and Yasuhide Koga reviewed the guidelines, with particular attention to consistency with
national and European Union standards.
The production of the Handbook and the many related administrative tasks have depended critically on the tireless
assistance of Sriyani Cumine (desktop publishing), Clare Fleming, Karen Danczyk, and Virginia Hitchcock
(editing), Olivia McNeal, and Luz Rivera.
The Handbook was developed in collaboration with UNIDO (Ralph Luken), the Industry and Environment Office
of the UNEP (Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel and Fritz Balkau), and the World Health Organization (Dieter
Schwela). The World Bank Group is thankful for the generous financial support provided by the governments of
Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway and for the comments and guidance provided by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), by Frank van den Akker (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical
Planning and Environment), and by the World Health Organization in providing technical comments and
guidance.
Special thanks is owed to the German government for carrying out an exhaustive review of the entire Handbook
and for hosting two lengthy meetings at which the technical issues were discussed in detail. The involvement of
these organizations and of the many individuals who contributed to the development of the Handbook is
gratefully acknowledged.break
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 5
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
FOREWORD
In 1988, the World Bank published Environmental Guidelines to provide technical advice and guidance to staff
and consultants involved in pollution−related projects. In the years since then, there have been significant changes
in technologies, in pollution management policies and practices, and in the activities and portfolio of the World
Bank Group. This Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook has been prepared to update and replace the
1988 guidelines.
The Handbook is specifically designed to be used in the context of the World Bank Group's environmental
policies, as set out in Operational Policy (OP) 4.01, "Environmental Assessment," and related documents.1 World
Bank Group policy stresses the primacy of the project−specific or site−specific environmental assessment process
in setting the requirements for environmental performance. The guidelines contained in this Handbook are
therefore subject to interpretation in light of the results of the environmental assessment.
The guidelines apply to all Bank Group−funded projects approved in principle on or after July 1, 1998, unless the
project sponsor can demonstrate that a significant investment has already been made (or that a legally binding
agreement has been entered into) on the basis of the 1988 guidelines.
The Handbook promotes the concepts of sustainable development by focusing attention on the benefits—both
environmental and economic—of pollution prevention, including cleaner production and good management
techniques.
The Handbook consists of three parts.
Part I contains a summary of key policy lessons in pollution management, derived from practical experience
inside and outside the World Bank Group over the past decade. Although Part I is aimed primarily at government
decision−makers, other readers will derive considerable benefit from a better understanding of the issues facing
government agencies.
Part II presents good−practice notes on implementation of policy objectives, based on experience with World
Bank Group projects and on lessons from the policies and practices of other agencies and organizations in this
field.
Part III provides detailed guidelines to be applied in the preparation of World Bank Group projects. The
guidelines, which cover almost 40 industrial sectors, represent state−of−the−art thinking on how to reduce
pollution emissions from the production process. In many cases, the guidelines provide numerical targets for
reducing pollution, as well as maximum emissions levels that are normally achievable through a combination of
cleaner production and end−of−pipe treatment. The guidelines are designed to protect human health; reduce mass
loadings to the environment; draw on commercially proven technologies; be cost−effective; follow current
regulatory trends;continue
1 The World Bank consists of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and its
concessional−lending affiliate, the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank Group
includes, in addition to the IBRD and IDA, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which focuses on
cooperation with the private sector in developing countries, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA). The World Bank's Operational Policy 4.01 is a conversion of the existing Operational Directive 4.0 and
contains the same basic principles as the directive. The IFC and MIGA have parallel policies.
and promote good industrial practices, which offer greater productivity and increased energy efficiency.
FOREWORD 6
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
The application of the guidelines set out in Part III can minimize the use of resources and reduce the quantity of
wastes requiring treatment and disposal. The guidelines represent good environmental management practices that
can be implemented and maintained with the skills and resources typically available in countries in which the
World Bank Group operates. The World Bank Group is committed to strengthening management and technical
skills and to supporting the development of the necessary institutions in these countries. Where relevant national
regulations do not exist, the guidelines may provide a basis for negotiating site−specific agreements between
regulators and enterprises.
The Handbook was compiled by staff members of the Environment Departments of the World Bank and the
International Finance Corporation (IFC). Contributions and advice came from many other technical and
operational units within the World Bank Group and from outside consultants. A number of drafts were circulated
and discussed, including a full Annual Meetings edition in September 1997. The guidelines related to thermal
power plants were the subject of a two−day international expert panel workshop held at the World Health
Organization (WHO) in Geneva in April 1997. Officials of key borrowing countries, other government and
private sector representatives, and WHO and Bank experts attended the workshop.
The IFC and the World Bank's Industry and Mining Division carried out and coordinated detailed technical
reviews of the relevant industry−specific guidelines. Technical background material, as well as advice and
comments, were provided by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO), WHO, and several bilateral agencies, including those of Canada, Germany,
the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United States.
In addition, extensive informal consultation and discussions with other international financing institutions,
industry organizations, regulatory agencies, and nongovernmental organizations have taken place. Many
comments have been received and have been incorporated into the Handbook to the extent possible. It is intended
and hoped that the Handbook represents a broad consensus of what is achievable through current good practice in
pollution management.
This Handbook is envisaged as a living document: its implementation will be monitored over the next year,
further industry guidelines will be issued, and the need for revision will be weighed in the light of the
accumulated experience. The full text of the Handbook is available on the environmental section on the World
Bank Group's website (www.worldbank.org ), where any revisions or additional guidelines will be posted.
Formal and informal consultations on the content and application of the Handbook will continue, and comments
are welcome. Comments should be addressed to the Program Leader, Urban, Industry and Energy, Environment
Department, World Bank, or to the Unit Head, Environment and Social Review, Environment Division, IFC, at
the address given on the copyright page.break
ANDREAS RACZYNSKI
DIRECTOR
TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION
ROBERT T. WATSON
DIRECTOR
ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT
THE WORLD BANK
FOREWORD 7
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND DATA NOTES
ACM Asbestos−containing materials
ADP Air−dried pulp
AIJ Activities Implemented Jointly (Kyoto Protocol)
AMD Acid mine drainage
AOX Adsorbable organic halides
BAT Best available technology
BATNEEC Best available technology not entailing excessive cost
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand. In this Handbook, BOD is
understood to refer to BOD5 , BOD measured over five days.
BOF Basic oxygen furnace
BPT Best practicable technology
CAC Command and control
CDM Clean development mechanism
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CIP Clean−in−place (methods)
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CON Control octane number
CP Cleaner production
CSM Continuous stack monitoring
CTC Carbon tetrachloride
DALY Disability−adjusted life year
DCF Directed credit fund
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DMT Dimethyl terphthalate
DO Dissolved oxygen
DRR Dose−response relationship
DSS Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control
EA Environmental assessment
EAF Electric arc furnace
ECF Elemental chlorine−free (bleaching)
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMS Environmental management system
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND DATA NOTES 8
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998
EPI Economic performance indicator
ESCO Energy service company
ESP Electrostatic precipitators
ETF Earmarked tax fund
EU European Union
FBC Fluidized−bed combustion
FCC Fluid catalytic cracking
FGD Flue gas desulfurization
FGR Flue gas recirculation
FGT Flue gas treatment
GEF Global Environment Facility
GF Green fund
GHG Greenhouse gas
GIS Geographic information system
GJ Gigajoule
GW Gigawatt
GWP Global−warming potential
HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
IARC International Agency for Cancer Research
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA International Development Association
IFC International Finance Corporation
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPPS Industrial Pollution Projection System
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISC Industrial Source Complex (USEPA model)
kWh Kilowatt−hours
LCA Life cycle analysis
LEA Low−excess−air (firing)
LIDAR Light detection and ranging (system)
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
MCF Methyl chloroform
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND DATA NOTES 9