Pollution Ecology of Estuarine Invertebrates

408 Pages·1979·6.737 MB·English

by  C.W. Hart, Jr. (Eds.)

WATER POLLUTION
A Series of Monographs
EDITORS
K. S. SPIEGLER J. I. BREGMAN
Department of Chemistry WAPORA, Inc.
and Chemical Engineering 6900 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W.
Michigan Technological Washington, D. C.
University, Houghton
and
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
University of California,
Berkeley
Berkeley, California
D. T. O'Laoghaire and D. M. Himmelblau. Optimal Expansion of a Water
Resources System. 1974
C. W. Hart, Jr., and Samuel L. H. Fuller (eds.). Pollution Ecology of
Freshwater Invertebrates. 1974
C. W. Hart, Jr., and Samuel L. H. Fuller (eds.). Pollution Ecology of
Estuarine Invertebrates. 1979
IN PREPARATION
H. Shuval (ed.). Water Quality Management under Conditions of Scar-
city: Israel as a Case Study.
Pollution Ecology of
Estuarine Invertebrates
EDITED BY
C W. Hart, Jr.
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C.
Samuel L. H. Fuller
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1979
ACADEMIC PRESS
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Pollution ecology of estuarine invertebrates.
Includes index.
1. Estuarine ecology. 2. Marine invertebrates.
3. Aquatic animals, effect of water pollution on.
I. Hart,C.W. II. Fuller, Samuel L. H.
QH541.5.E8P64 592'.05'2636 79-18157
ISBN 0-12-328440-6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Thomas C. Cheng,
who first suggested that these
volumes be attempted
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
J. LAURENS BARNARD (345), Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
MADELINE P. BURBANCK (293), Department of Biology, Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30322
W. D. BURBANCK (293), Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia 30322
JOHN A. COUCH (235), Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
JOHN K. DAWSON (145), Harbors Environmental Projects, Institute for Marine
and Coastal Studies, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90032
THOMAS W. DUKE (171), Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
CHARLES E. EPIFANIO (259), College of Marine Studies, University of Dela-
ware, Lewes, Delaware 19958
J. M. FERRIS (1), Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47906
V. R. FERRIS (1), Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47906
C. W. HART, JR. (127), National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
xi
Xll List of Contributors
DABNEY G. HART (127), Metrek Division of the MITRE Corporation, McLean,
Virginia 22102
WINSTON MENZEL (371), Department of Oceanography, The Florida State Uni-
versity, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
CHARLES E. POWELL, JR. (325), The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105
DONALD J. REISH (77, 345), Department of Biology, California State University,
Long Beach, California 90840
DOROTHY F. SOULE (35), Harbors Environmental Projects, Institute for Marine
and Coastal Studies, Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, California 90032
JOHN D. SOULE (35), Harbors Environmental Projects, Institute for Marine and
Coastal Studies, Allan Hancock Foundation, and School of Dentistry, Uni-
versity of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032
AUSTIN B. WILLIAMS (171), National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics
Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560
Preface
The companion to this volume, "Pollution Ecology of Freshwater Inver-
tebrates,"* was undertaken several years ago in an attempt to compile what
was known of the ς'normal" ecology of certain freshwater invertebrate
groups, to bring into focus the most recent systematic interpretations, to
discuss the current knowledge of the pollution ecology of those groups, and
to point up the pertinent ancillary background material. In that volume, as in
this, all of the major invertebrate groups are not represented. For instance,
oysters are not covered here simply because adequate coverage would com-
prise a volume in itself and, because of their intrinsic commercial value,
many well-known volumes have already been devoted to them. With other
groups there is a scarcity of people who wish to commit themselves, and
there is still taxonomic chaos at the alpha level.
However, we look on this as a good beginning, because in studying water
pollution from a biological standpoint, knowledge of as many groups as
possible must be available so that information on species compositions,
population sizes, and the physical-chemical environments to which they are
exposed can be balanced and synthesized.
As with the freshwater volume, this is not intended to be a final word.
These chapters do not point to any specific index that will define the degree
of pollution. They do, however, attempt to pull together existing data,
introduce new ideas and information, and synthesize, where possible, the
latest systematic interpretations.
C. W. HART, JR.
*C. W. Hart, Jr., and Samuel L. H. Fuller, 1974, Academic Press, Inc., New York.
xiii
POLLUTION ECOLOGY OF ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES
CHAPTER 1
Thread Worms (Nematoda)
V. R. FERRIS and I. M. FERRIS
I. Introduction 1
II. Systematics 2
III. Importance and Function of Nematodes in Aquatic Ecosystems 5
A. Density 6
B. Trophic Position 7
C. Reproduction and Life Cycles 7
D. Bioenergetics 9
IV. Pollution Ecology 10
A. Freshwater Nematodes 10
B. Coastal Marine Nematodes 17
C. Estuarine Nematodes 23
V. Conclusions 26
References , 28
I. Introduction
We attempt to summarize here what is known, not only of the pollution
ecology of estuarine nematodes, but also of the pollution ecology of freshwater
nematodes. Because of the nature of estuaries, it would have been difficult to
treat estuarine nematodes alone, and, in fact, we include also considerable in-
formation which might properly belong in a treatise on pollution ecology of
marine nematodes! Not only is there overlap of species, but also the nematode
ecology of the complex estuarine habitat can best be understood in relation to
what is known of nematode ecology in the less violently fluctuating freshwater
1
Copyright © 1979 by Academic Press, Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN 0-12-328440-6
2 V. R. Ferris and J. M. Ferris
and marine environments. In addition, it is difficult to circumscribe the bound-
aries of an estuarine system, as it gradually changes from the inner estuary,
subject to freshwater runoff, to the stable conditions of the open sea (Perkins,
1974). Indeed, studies of the nematodes of such systems often document a
transition from freshwater to marine species, as one progresses through the
system (Schütz, 1966; Nicholas, 1975). Before the effects of any type of pollu-
tion in an aquatic environment can be understood in relation to a faunal group,
the effects on the group of various environmental components in unpolluted
habitats must be sorted out and understood. For the most part this is the point at
which those interested in nematode pollution ecology find themselves. Much
information on ecology is accumulating, and some data on the effects of pollu-
tion are developing.
II. Systematics
It is beyond the scope of this chapter to treat in any detail the morphology and
systematics of aquatic nematodes. Many of the authors whose work with ecolog-
ical systems will be discussed have also contributed heavily to the systematic
literature (e.g., Lorenzen, 1971a,b, 1972). For citations and lists of references to
taxonomic papers, see Hope and Murphy (1972) and Gerlach and Riemann
(1973, 1974). For illustrations of marine species, see Wieser (1953a, 1954,
1956, 1959a); for illustrations, references, and a key to freshwater species, see
Ferris et al. (1973) and the papers by Pillai and Taylor (1968a,b,c). A brief
discussion of some of the morphological features of aquatic nematodes, particu-
larly as they relate to ecology, is necessary. For purposes of orientation we
include also a list of orders of nematodes which contain most of the freshwater
and estuarine species, together with examples of genera contained within those
orders (Table I). Many genera are found only in marine or brackish habitats, and
such species in Table I are so indicated. Wieser (1953a, 1959a) divided marine
nematodes into four morphological groups, based on the structure of their buccal
cavities, and considered these groups to represent four different feeding types.
These divisions have been accepted in the main by many workers in aquatic
nematology and have played an important part in the ecological thinking of
marine and estuarine nematologists. Wieser's feeding types are as follows:
Group I-A: Selective Deposit Feeders. No true buccal cavity, though some-
times traces of it. Food obtained mainly by sucking power of esophagus, and
consistency of food material soft, e.g., detritus and bacteria.
Group 1-B: Nonselective Deposit Feeders. Cup-shaped, conical, or cylin-
drical buccal cavity, without armature. Food obtained as in previous group, but
with help from movements of lips and anterior part of buccal cavity. Food the
same as previous group, plus larger objects, e.g., diatoms.
1. Thread Worms (Nematoda) 3
TABLE I
ORDERS THAT CONTAIN MOST FRESHWATER AND ESTUARINE NEMATODE SPECIES, WITH EXAMPLES
OF GENERA CONTAINED
Adenophorea: Desmodorida (cont.) Dorylaimida {cont.)
Araeolaimida Microlaimus (M) Eudorylaimus
Anaplectus Monoposthia (M) Labronema
Anonchus Prodesmodora Laimydorus
Aphanolaimus Spirinia (M) Mesodorylaimus
Araeolaimus (M)a Miconchus
Axonolaimus (M) Chromadorida Mononchulus
Bastiania Achromadora Mononchus
Camacolaimus (M) Chromadora (M) Mylonchulus
Chronogaster Chromadorina Nygolaimus
Cylindrolaimus Chromadorita Oxydirus
Euteratocephalus Comesoma (M) Paractinolaimus
Haliplectus (M) Ethmolaimus Prionchulus
Leptolaimus Euchromadora (M) Thornia
N erne I la (M) Gomphionema (M)
Odontophora (M) Hypodontolaimus Secernentea:
Par aphanolaimus Monochromadora Tylenchida
Paraplectonema Neochromadora (M) Aphelenchoides
Plectus Paracyatholaimus Atylenchus
Rhabdolaimus Sabatieria (M) Dolichodorus
Teratocephalus Hemicycliophora
Enoplida Hirschmanniella
Desmoscolecida Anoplostoma (M) Tylenchus
Desmoscolex Anticoma (M)
Tricoma (M) Bathylaimus (M) Rhabditida
Cryptonchus Acrobeloides (R)ft
Monhysterida Deontostoma (M) Acrostichus (D)c
Desmolaimus E nop lus (M) Butlerius (D)
Linhomoeus (M) Ironus Cephalobus (D)
Monhystera Metoncholaimus (M) Cylindrocorpus (D)
Monhystrella Oncholaimus Demaniella (D)
Odontolaimus Prismatolaimus Diploscapter (R)
Siphonolaimus (M) Tobrilus Eucephalobus (R)
Sphaerolaimus (M) Tripyla F/c/or (D)
Terschellingia (M) Tripyloides (M) Goffartia (D)
Theristus Trischistoma (M) Mononchoides (D)
Xyala (M) Viscosia (M) Panagrolaimus (R)
Paroigolaimella (D)
Desmodorida Dorylaimida Pelodera (R)
Ceramonema (M) Anatonchus Rhabditis (R)
Desmodora (M) Aulolaimoides Rhabdontolaimus (D)
Draconema (M) Dorylaimus Turbatrix (R)
"Marine or brackish habitats only. All other genera are found at least occasionally in fresh water.
ft Belongs to Rhabditoidea.
c Belongs to Diplogasteroidea.