Pollution Control and Resource Recovery. Municipal Solid Wastes at Landfill PDF
Preview Pollution Control and Resource Recovery. Municipal Solid Wastes at Landfill
POLLUTION CONTROL AND RESOURCE RECOVERY Municipal Solid Wastes at Landfill ZHAO YOUCAI* AND LOU ZIYANG *Prof. Dr., State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London NewYork(cid:129)Oxford(cid:129)Paris(cid:129)SanDiego SanFrancisco(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright(cid:1)2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-811867-2 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:CathleenSether AcquisitionEditor:KenMcCombs EditorialProjectManager:PeterJardim ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ZhouHaiyan ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China LiHangfen TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China NiuJing TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China MeiJuan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China ZhangMeilan ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China HuangRenhua ShanghaiLaogangWasteDisposalCompany,Shanghai,China ZhouTao TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China ZhaoTiantao TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China ChaiXiaoli TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China HeYan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China SunYingjie TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China ZhaoYoucai TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China LouZiyang ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai,China TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China j ix ABOUT THE AUTHORS Zhao Youcai is currently a professor of environmental engineering at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University. He gotbachelordegreefromSichuanUniversity(1984)andPhDfromInstitute of Chemical Metallurgy (now Institute of Process Engineering), Chinese AcademyofSciences,Beijing(1989).Afterfinishinghispostdoctoralresearch workatFudanUniversity,Shanghai,hejoinedinTongjiUniversityin1991. Meanwhile, he had also worked at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece,NationalUniversityofSingapore,TulaneUniversity,UnitedStates, and Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, for 4years as research fellow or visitingprofessor.Hehadauthoredorcoauthored138publicationspublished inthepeer-reviewedinternationallyrecognizedjournals,420publicationsin China journals, and authored or coauthored 75 books (as an author or Editor-in-chief). Currently, his research interests include treatment of municipal solid wastes, sewage sludge, hazardous wastes, polluted construc- tion wastes, and industrial wastes. Contact information: E-mail: [email protected] Mailaddress:TheStateKeyLaboratoryofPollutionControlandResource Reuse,SchoolofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,TongjiUniver- sity, Shanghai 200092, China. Lou Ziyang is currently an associate professor of environmental engineer- ing at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity,China,andaHumboldtFellowinGermany.Heobtained his PhD in 2007 from School of Environmental Science and Engineering, TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,andgothisBachelordegreefromDepartment ofChemicalEngineering,DalianUniversityofTechnology(DUT)in2001 (Dalian,LiaoningProvince).Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludethedevel- opment of landfill technology with low pollutants emissions, onsite land j xi xii AbouttheAuthors processing system for high strength waste water, and waste and climate change from LCA perspectives. Contact information: E-mail: [email protected] Mail address: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China. PREFACE The annual quantity of municipal solid wastes (referred to refuse as used in thisbookinbrief)intheworldmaybeover7billiontonsandmostofthem are being landfilled. Leachate and landfill gases will generate and the stabi- lized aged refuse will be thus formed, when the wastes undergo complex physical, chemical and biological changes after they are placed in a landfill. Leachateisaverytoxicliquidandlandfillgasesarekeygreenhousegasesand should be controlled carefully for a long period. Meanwhile, as a useful resource, the aged refuse may be recycled. The construction and operation procedures for a landfill of municipal solid wastes have been well established worldwide, and the relevant litera- ture such as guidelines, regulations, acts, directives, etc., can be easily avail- able. However, the pollution control and resource reuse engineering technologies for a landfill are still developing and should be summarized. For the past 25years, the authors have conducted a series of research workonthepollutioncontrolandresourcereuseformunicipalsolidwastes landfill,viewingthewastesplacedinlandfillasaresource,andleachateand landfill gases as secondary pollutants. For the stabilized wastes as referred to agedrefuse,itcanbeminedandrecycledafterseparationandpretreatment. For leachate and greenhouse gases, several novel techniques have been developed, such as aged-refuseebased biofilters and deep-shaft bioreactors for leachate, and aged-refuse biocover for the biooxidization of fugitive methaneemission,alongwiththeconventionaltechniquesincludingmem- brane bioreactor, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Formanyyears,landfillshavebeenviewedasanultimatedisposalsitefor refuse.Inthisbook,however,thelandfillisconsideredasarenewablebiore- actor,whentheleachateandlandfillgasescanbemitigatedeffectively.The contents of this book include general structure of sanitary landfill, stabiliza- tion process of landfill, recycling of aged refuse, leachate generation pro- cesses, leachate pollution control, utilization and biooxidation of landfill gas,andnovellandfillingforleachateandmethanecontrol,coveringthelat- estresearchanddevelopmentachievementsgainedinrecentyearsinmunic- ipal solid wastes (refuse) landfilling process. The readers may include engineers, managers, undergraduates and graduates, and researchers and scientists. j xiii SUMMARY Landfilling is still a key world-wide end-of-pipe disposal technique for municipal solid wastes. For many years, landfills have been viewed as an ultimate disposal site for refuse. In this book, however, the landfill is considered as a renewable bioreactor. The contents of this book include general structures and installations of sanitary landfill, recycling of aged refuse, leachate generation processes and pollution control, utilization and bio-oxidation of methane, and novel landfilling for leachate and methane control in a municipal solid wastes (refuse) landfill. j xv ABBREVIATIONS Aft Al O -Fe O -tri 2 3 2 3 AFm Al O -Fe O -mono 2 3 2 3 AR Aged refuse ARB Aged refuse biofilter NH3-N Ammonia nitrogen BDM Biodegradable matters BOD5, or BOD Biological oxygen demands C-S-H Calcium silicate hydrates CODCr or COD Chemical oxygen demands CL Conventional Landfill DGGE Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis DEP Diethyl phthalate DBP Dibutyl phthalate DO Dissolved oxygen DS Dissolved Solids DSAB Deep shaft aeration bioreactor DM Dissolved matter DOM Dissolved organic matter FA Fulvic Acid GCL Sodium bentonite composite impermeable liner HA Humic Acid HDPE High-density polyethylene film HRT Hydraulic retention time Hy-base Hydrophobic bases Hy-acid Hydrophobic acids Hy-Neutral Hydrophobic neutral Hi-bases Hydrophilic bases Hi-acids Hydrophilic acids Hi-Neutral Hydrophilic neutral HS Humic substances IC Inorganic Carbon LFG Landfill gas MSW Municipal solid waste MVC Mechanical Vapor Compression MW Molecular weight j xvii xviii Abbreviations ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential PAEs Phthalic acid esters POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PC Primary component PCA Principal component analysis Refuse Municipal solid wastes RL Renewable landfilling RO Reverse osmosis SS Suspended Solid TN Total nitrogen TP Total phosphate TOC Total organic carbon TS Total solid TK Total potassium USEPA US Environment Protection Agency VOCs Volatile organic carbons XOCs Xenobiotic organic compounds CHAPTERONE General Structure of Sanitary fi Land ll 1.1 SANITARY LANDFILL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES Municipal solid wastes, also namely refuse, garbage, domestic wastes, weredumpedatanyavailablesitesforalongtime,withoutpollutioncontrol measures.Sanitarylandfill,incontrastwithdumpingsites,wasdevelopedin the1960sinUKandotherdevelopedcountries.Asasanitarylandfill,lining system, leachate collection and treatment system, landfill gas collection and treatment system, daily cover, final closure and ecological remediation, are among the key techniques that must be designed and implemented. Lining systemisanessentialinfrastructureforasanitarylandfill.Withoutthelining system,thelandfillwillbeadumpingsite.Inalandfillwithaliningsystem, i.e.,sanitarylandfill,landfillgasandleachatewillbepreventedfromentering surroundingsoilandwater,whichcanalsopreventgroundwaterandsurface waterfrom enteringthelandfill, andthus effectively control the amount of leachate. 1.2 ARTIFICIAL HORIZONTAL LINING MATERIALS Themostcommonimpermeablematerialusedforsanitarylandfilllin- ingsystemisflexiblesyntheticgeomembrane,compactedclay,andgeosyn- thetic clay liner (GCL). High-density polyethylene (HDPE) film has been theuniquegeomembranematerialusedasliningmaterialforsanitarylandfill in the world, which has an excellent chemical stability and flexibility, low permeability, strong UV stability, corrosion, and deformation resistances as showninTable1.1.ThethicknessofHDPEgeomembraneforlandfilllin- ing system should not be less than 1.5mm, preferably 2.0 and 2.5mm. Compactedclayiswidelyusedinsanitarylandfillliningsystemaloneor with HDPE. When it is used alone, the permeability coefficient of 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)7cm/s and thickness of 2m should be used for the whole landfill. In most cases, it is nearly impossible to get such a clay, both in terms of PollutionControlandResourceRecovery ISBN:978-0-12-811867-2 ©2017ElsevierInc. j http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811867-2.00001-7 Allrightsreserved. 1
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