Pollutants in Buildings, Water and Living Organisms

354 Pages·2015·8.34 MB·English

by  Eric Lichtfouse, Jan Schwarzbauer, Didier Robert (eds.)

Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World
Eric Lichtfouse
Jan Schwarzbauer
Didier Robert E ditors
Pollutants in
Buildings, Water
and Living
Organisms
E nvironmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World
Volume 7
Series editors
Eric Lichtfouse, INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France
Jan Schwarzbauer, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Didier Robert, CNRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis and Surface Sciences,
Saint-Avold, France
O ther Publications by the Editors
B ooks
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E nvironmental Chemistry
h ttp://www.springer.com/978-3-540-22860-8
O rganic Contaminants in Riverine and Groundwater Systems
h ttp://www.springer.com/978-3-540-31169-0
S ustainable Agriculture
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B ook series
E nvironmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World
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S ustainable Agriculture Reviews
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J ournals
E nvironmental Chemistry Letters
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A gronomy for Sustainable Development
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E ric L ichtfouse • J an S chwarzbauer
D idier R obert
E ditors
P ollutants in Buildings,
Water and Living Organisms
E ditors
E ric L ichtfouse J an S chwarzbauer
I NRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie R WTH Aachen University
D ijon, F rance A achen, G ermany
D idier R obert
C NRS, European Laboratory for Catalysis
and Surface Sciences
S aint-Avold, F rance
I SSN 2213-7114 ISSN 2213-7122 (electronic)
E nvironmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World
I SBN 978-3-319-19275-8 ISBN 978-3-319-19276-5 (eBook)
D OI 10.1007/978-3-319-19276-5
L ibrary of Congress Control Number: 2015949151
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P refac e
C hemosphere
If we take a look at the history of environmental chemistry from about 1970, the
early days were mainly busy with trying to identify pollutants in various media.
At that time analytical tools were very slow and far less precise than today. Most
p ollutants such as polar compounds, compounds occurring as traces, and com-
pounds occurring in complex natural media, e.g. soils, wastes and sediments,
were simply not analysable because there was no method available. As a conse-
quence only few pollutants were identifi ed, resulting in low to moderate public
concern. With the further development of high-resolution techniques such as gas
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, scientists realised that we are
living in a ‘chemosphere’ fi lled with pollutants fl owing from one media to the
other, which is nicely depicted by the quote ‘pollutants have no borders’. Public
concern thus dramatically increased because ecotoxicologists and doctors found
more and more causal links between pollutants and illnesses such as cancer.
Now research is mainly focussed on designing non-polluting processes and
methods to clean pollutants.
v
vi Preface

L eft: erosion effect on a limestone statuary, from Chap. 1 of this book. R ight: Blue Lake, Aosta
Valley, Italy, from Chap. 4 of this book
T his book presents advanced methods to monitor and remediate pollutants. Alves
and Sanjurjo-Sánchez review the effects of pollution on building materials and
methods to clean materials in the fi rst chapter. Water treatment methods are
described in Chap. 2 by Baruah et al., with emphasis on nanotechnology. Da Silva
et al. explain the use of bacteria and fungi to degrade pesticides in Chap. 3 . The
most advanced analytical tools of chromatography and mass spectrometry, and their
application to water analysis, are reviewed by Gosetti et al. in Chap. 4 . Kasiotis and
Emmanouil review methods to analyse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in
Chap. 5 ; they also present the toxicological effects of PAH on bivalves. The cycle of
selenium in plants is described by El Ramady in Chap. 6 . Pereira et al. present meth-
ods to analyse and remediate aromatic amines in Chap. 7 .
T hanks for reading.
1
D ijon, F rance E ric L ichtfouse
A achen, G ermany J an S chwarzbauer
S aint-Avold, F rance D idier R obert
1
Eric Lichtfouse is the author of the best-selling textbook Scientifi c Writing for Impact Factor
Journals.
C ontents
1 M aintenance and Conservation of Materials
in the Built Environment .......................................................................... 1
C arlos A lves and J orge S anjurjo-Sánchez
2 N anotechnology in Water Treatment ...................................................... 5 1
S unandan B aruah, M uhammad N ajam K han, and J oydeep D utta
3 B iodegradation of Organophosphate
and Pyrethroid Pesticides by Microorganims......................................... 8 5
N atália A lvarenga, W illian G arcia B irolli,
and A ndré L uiz M eleiro P orto
4 N on-target UHPLC/MS Analysis of Emerging
Contaminants in Water ............................................................................. 1 23
F abio G osetti, E leonora M azzucco, M aria C arla G ennaro,
and E milio M arengo
5 P AHs Pollution Monitoring by Bivalves .................................................. 1 69
K onstantinos M . K asiotis and C hristina E mmanouil
6 S elenium and its Role in Higher Plants ................................................... 2 35
H assan E l-Ramady, N eama A bdalla, T arek A lshaal, A hmed E l-Henawy,
S alah E .-D.A. Faizy, M ohamed S . Shams, T arek S halaby,
Y ousry B ayoumi, N evien E lhawat, S aid S hehata, A ttila S ztrik,
J ózsef P rokisch, M iklós F ári, E lizabeth A . Pilon-Smits,
and É va D omokos-Szabolcsy
7 A romatic Amines Sources, Environmental
Impact and Remediation .......................................................................... 2 97
L uciana P ereira, P ijush K anti M ondal, and M adalena A lves
I ndex ................................................................................................................. 3 47
vii
C hapter 1
M aintenance and Conservation of Materials
in the Built Environment
C arlos A lves and J orge S anjurjo-Sánchez
Contents
1.1 Introduction . 2
1.2 I ntervention Criteria (Including
Non-Intervention Option) ............................................................................................. 3
1.3 General Strategy . 6
1.4 Dating of Materials ....................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Interventions in the Surroundings ................................................................................. 14
1.6 Interventions on the Materials....................................................................................... 16
1.6.1 Cleaning of Surfaces .......................................................................................... 16
1.6.2 Salt Contamination Remediation ....................................................................... 21
1.6.3 Consolidation ..................................................................................................... 23
1.6.4 Protective Treatments Against Pollutants .......................................................... 26
1.6.5 Materials Replacement ...................................................................................... 28
1.7 Sustainability Issues ....................................................................................................... 31
1.8 Final Considerations ..................................................................................................... 34
References .............................................................................................................................. 36
A bstract Materials on the built environment are exposed to several agents that
promote alteration processes resulting in features that might be considered detri-
mental of its value. Here we review the main issues related to the struggle against
these alteration processes, from the consideration of the intervention criteria, includ-
ing the non-intervention option, to strategic considerations on the organisation of
the intervention that must consider the temporal and spatial features of the alteration
processes, as well as possible interventions on the surroundings of the materials,
e.g. atmosphere, terrain and structure, and in relation to treatments of materials,
C . A lves (*)
L ab2PT, Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory (Research unit of the Portuguese
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UID/AUR/04509/2013) and CIG-R, Centre
of Geological Research, Management and Valorisation of Resources (School of Sciences),
U niversity of Minho, B raga, P ortugal
e -mail:
2 C. Alves and J. Sanjurjo-Sánchez
including its replacement. It is highlighted the problem of testing using small clean
specimens aggravated by comparative studies based on one specimen by case.
Assessment of short-term an effects is discussed in relation to intrinsic aspects of
the interventions. The long-term effectiveness is linked with the global strategy
namely in relation to the conditions that promote the alteration processes. Some
sustainability questions related to the intervention operations are also considered
such the use of toxic substances and the consumption of resources.
K eywords S tony materials • A lteration processes • D ecay assessment • I ntervention
strategy • D ating • M aterials treatment and replacement • S ustainability
1.1 I ntroduction
Materials applied in the built environment are subjected to diverse agents that
p romote alteration processes (Siegesmund and Snethlage 2 011; Sanjurjo-Sánchez
and Alves 2 011, 2 012) . The resulting alteration features can be described in very
general and summary terms in coatings/stains and erosive features (for detailed
classifi cations see Fitzner and Heinrichs 2 002; ICOMOS-ISCS 2 008) . There could
be diverse types of coatings or stains relate to fi xation of exogenous matter, reac-
tions between pollutants and the substrate and the development of organism (bio-
logical colonisation). In the case of erosive features there is loss of material that
have been attributed to several causes such as freeze-thaw, wetting-drying, chemical
dissolution and specially the crystallisation of soluble salts that can have diverse
sources and permeate the porous media, crystallising in the pore walls and provok-
ing the physical disruption (Goudie and Viles 1 997) .
T hese alteration features can be considered of the object aesthetics or hazardous
to its physical integrity and that might be considered as requiring interventions
aimed at eliminating or mitigating the alteration Reviews of the conceptual frame-
work and rationale for the intervention operations as well as the different terminol-
ogy applied to the general scheme of interventions (conservation, preservation,
care, maintenance, repair, rehabilitation, restoration, prevention, etc.) can be found
among others in Caple (2 000) , Wood (2 003) and Muñoz-Viñas (2 005) . Conservation
is used here in the widest possible sense (see Muñoz-Viñas 2005) to encompass all
these operations aimed at avoiding the alteration of materials.
T he present review will focus on strategic and tactical aspects of the interven-
tions in relation to the characteristics of the alteration processes. In a perspective of
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World it will be focused on the rele-
vance of the understanding of the problem (diagnosis) including the characterisa-
tion of the materials and alteration agents, the substances used in the interventions
and sustainability aspects related to these interventions. This review will be mostly
focused on alteration processes that affect stony materials and the interventions in
these materials and its surroundings (including atmosphere, terrain and structures)
with a view towards the conservation of the stony materials. Interventions for stabil