Politics: The Central Texts

477 Pages·1997·5.799 MB·English

by  Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Zhiyuan Cui

Politics
TheC entral Texts
Theoargya iFnastte
•
RoberMtaon gabeUinrgae r
Editaendd i ntrodubcyeZ dh iyuaCnu i
Lond•o nNew York
Thiesd itfiirosnpt u lbishbeyVd e rs1o9 97
© RoberMtaon gabeUinrgae1 r9 97
Firpsutb lisihnSe odc Tihaelo ryI:tS si tuaatniIdot Tnsas k
(CambriUdngiev ersit1y9 8)P7F,r aelsNsse ec esAsnitNtiey c:e ssitarian
SocTihaelo riynt hSee rvoifRc aed iDceamlo cracy
(CmabridUgnei verPsriet1sy9s 87P)l,a stiinctPioot wye r:
ComparativeS-tdHuiieossntt ohIreni sctanilat lut io
CondiotfiE ocnosn oamniMdci liStuacrcye ss
(CambriUdngiev erPsriet1sys9 87)
©RobeMratn gabeUinrgae1 r9 87
Alrli ghrtess erved
Ther igohftR oberMtaon gabeUinrgaet rob ei dentaisfit ehde
authoofrt hiwso rkh asb eeans serbtyhe idm i na ccordance
witthh Ceo pyriDgehsti,ga nnsdP ateAnctts1 988
Verso
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A catalorgeuceof rodtr h ibso oiksa vailfarboltmeh Ber itLiisbhr ary
LibroafCr oyn grCeastsa loging-iDna-tPau blication
UngeRro,b erMtaon gabeira.
Poli:tt ihcesoargya ifnasttRe o berMtaon gabeUinrgae: re dited
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andi ntrodbuycZ ehdi yuCauni .
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Incluidnedse x.
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PrinbtyeB di ddiesG uLitldd,fa onrdKd i ngL'ysn nU,K
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Contents
Introduction v
1 AI nRtardoiAcdSnautlocilctnyiaa iesAtotu Srnroyat:cac il tiThfia eslot r y 3
2 ThCeo ndiatnitdoh nUean lc onditional 19
3 ThCei rcumosft aSnTochceei oarly 26
4 MakiSnegno sfte h Sel og"IaAtnl' ls Politics" 72
The MakinogfC ontempoFroarrmya tCiovnet exts
5 ThGee neosfTi hsr Ceoem plWeoxreks-:O rganization,
GovernamnePdnr ti,vR aitgeh ts 93
6 ThGee neosfAi nso tFhoerrm aCtoinvteTe hxCeto :m munist
Alternative 135
7 StabainlDdie tsyt abiilnti hzea tWioorFnko irnmga toifv e
Coenxtts 105
8 NegaCtaipvaiebt ayin lds tPilicaniPttooyw er 127
The InstointauPltr iogroafEm m powerDeedm ocracy
9 A Proto-Theory 227
10T hPer acItnQi uceeos:fPt o waenrId nP o wer 263
11C onstiRteuotnriigozanaatli on 306
12E conoRmeiocr ganization 340
13T hSey stoefRmi tgshF:o uRri ghts 376
The CultuPrraolg roafEm m powerDeedm ocracy
14T hCeu ltuervaoll-uRtCioounnatretyrot p hIaenr stt itutional
Program 399
15T hIed oeaft hTer ansfoVromcaattiivoen 413
16T hSep irit 423
ThemaItnidce x 437
ProperI-nNdaemxe 461
Introduction
ZhiyuCauni
RobeMratnog abUenigrear 'so fdp ervoejleao"c ptci onrngus cttsiovcei al
theoirbsyr "e athHtead keifnetgnh".der s a ddiecmaolc prraeotc.jitB"cu t
hidse finioftt ihpoirsno jimesuc ctbh r oader ianncdl tumhsoamirnove se t
othersS:t u"MaJiroltAhl ln,e xaHnedrezKrea nrM,la rPx.,PJ r.o udhon
anVdi rgWionoiwlaef ra elc lh ampoifto hncesa e u.sH"ei isn flubeyn ced
Marxiessmp,e ciallyt htehootrshieeaem tspM haartsxhiiaezsu ett do nomy
ofp oliBtuihtce is .s anM oatr xbiescta,hu esr eeu fsetsoe ntangle
transfoarsmpaitriiavntde ie otnesr ministH eaa srsguufmeopsrt ions.
"idsentre"ndcehmsletinaztbar,iti"ig ohantn "sden, g"a tciavpeay b.Bi"ul ti t
he doebse ltononot gths ec hoofo" led councsttirboenc,a"hu iosswe n
"ocnstr"u ctthrieevoceroygt nhioazutfer res ed otmor esist,a rnedi magine,
recontshter uswcootrc wliedais ln haibtistave alirfsli eua pfb ogrr aibns
histHoeir nsyo .at na ntilBiubhteec r aalhllit.ssh e"osrpyue rliibne ral,"
thsee nosfre e altihzheii nggha esspti roaft iloinbbsey tr raalnissfomr ming
itcso nvenitnisotniatcluo tmimointameln ts.
Howd oehser eascuhca hnu nusiunatle lslteacntduWpaholai itnts th ?e
pracrteilceaovlfah ni"csoce n strsuoccttiihaveyleo? Wr"i thtoruyti ng to
dof ujlsult itcote h mioss atm bitsioocuisa l-twhoerookftr heleta itcea l
twencteinettmhuy ir nyt,r odsuecettkohis io gnh sloimgseha tlf ieeanttu res
ofU ngesro'csi ali ntt hhee othrhoyiapw ttei mlolt irveaatdete or ss tudy
the ttehxeotiw rno .n
SOCEITY AS ARTIAFCT
Ungesro'ctsih aelco arbnyeu nderassat noeo ffdot roct a rtrhyie d oeaf
l "scoieatsay r titfota hcet "e xHtetr eeamceh.e" ossc itiehmstaa ytd a en d
I
imagitnhieaitdtas , h umaarnt irfaattchhteta rhn ee x preosfas nui nodne r­
lyinnagt uorradle r."
Thei deoaf" scoieatsay r tihfaacistt "os r iigni n Etuhreo pean
I
,1 EnilghtenHomweenvtie.tfur sl,i l m plichaatvbieeo ewnnos r koeudot n ly
hawlafyt:he ef ftoopr utst hh e oif"do secaia eastr yt itfoa lciittm"hsi a tss
beebnl ocbkyte hdce o tuenrtenwdietnhmcioynd esronc tihaelo troi es
deveal" cosipe onfhc ies t"o ry.
Thei ntelrleeacfstooutrnah lci osu enrttenidste oncoco ym plitcoa ted
dewailt fhu lhleyrF eon.ro ww,en eeodn lrye memtbhemarot d esronc ial
v
VI INTRODUCTION
thouwgahbsto rinanp ost-CshirtiusTathtiieiad onoen f"a. s c oieatsay r ti­
facitm"p laitte hmsei, n imumh,u mtahhnia stti nosor styu bjteodc itv ine
providReantchpeee.ro, p lmea kcaean nrd e maskoec iaettt hyew iirl l.
Thearreme a neyx preosfs iitodhnoeisfas huamgaenin cneya rmloyd ern
soctihaolu Ognheptr .o mienxeanmtip tslh eae r gumbeyHn otb btehsa t
"natruirgaihlnst o "dt e rifrvoem"d n atluarwaI.lnt" h wiasy , modern
naturriagalhn tsdso lc-icaontthreaoscrttia ertstos e tdra iwpat yh teh eo­
logcioctnaelon ftt hmee dieval ocfno antculerapaawtln is doo nu gthot
devesloocpti haelbo arsyoe ntd h ied oefa" osciaesat ryt iAfnaoctth.e"r
famoeuxsa mipsVl iec aor'gsu mtehnaattm itdh "ei mmeoncseeoa fn
doubtth"ei ras"e s itnigpnliyee ceea r"oot fnhw hiwcehc asnt afinrdm ly:
thwiosr lcdi svooifcl ih eabtsey em na dbeym an.
Howevmeord,es ronc tihaolu fgahittl ote adkt ehi ed oeaf" osciaest y
artitfota hcheti "Sl otm.pe e obpellei etvhere e tahfsaoottrnh f iasi lliuerse
in oavne r-rteota hcdete imoionsfC e h riesstcihaant Wohlemonog dye.r n
thinakbearnsd Cohnreides stcihaant tohlesoytgw iyal,nl t teodd e veal op
"philoosrso cpiheoynfh c ies t"ao sirt fyh ,edye sitrose hdot wh maotd ern
thoucgaahnnt s waenqryu esrtaiiobsnyCe hdr istIinasa ennistey,. modern
soctihaolub gehgt"ae rno ccuptyhpieon sgi"ot fti homene diCehvrails tian
scheomfca r eaatniedos nc hatIontl hloiigsgy h.t , lTlvoeic'eoqswfut ehvei
irresmiasrtocifhdb elmeo carsaa d ciyv diencemr aeyeb em orteh aan
simmpeltea phor.
Whetthheeirxs p laniashti isotnot rriuicesaac lolnyt romvaetrtseira l
going tbhereye oaoncftdh h iinst rodHuocwteivwoeencr a.,bn es utrhea t
thsee arcthh "efl oaorwfh isthoarlsye m"do desronc tihaelao srtyr ay.
WhaUtn gcearl" ledesp -stsroucctithauelroi erts yh "e esxtaamrpt lhee of
effoofmr otd esronc tihaolut godh etv el"ocspi eonafhc ies yt,ro"ir icnh
lawleixkpel anAalttihooUnunsgg.hce hro Msaer txoe xemyp "ldiefep­
struscotcutirhaeel o hremy a,d"ie ct l etahrDa utr khaeniWdme b-etrh e
othmeerm boeftr hsse o cial-ctahne-ooarnle bsteoita chrsae tl a omftp h is
tradition.
AccortdoUi nngge dre,e p-stsrouccaitnaualrl ieysd s eifisn beyid t s
devottoti horrnee ec utrhreeonrtme otviTechsafie.lr m sotv ies atthtee mpt
tod istiinneg vueihrsiyhs tocirriccuamlas f toarnmcaceto invtseet xrtu,c ­
turoerf, r amefwrmoo trhkre o utaicnteit vhicitostin eehxset l rpesp roduce;
thsee ciosn det fhfteoor r etp rtehsfeer natm eiwdoernkit anip fiaerdt icular
circumasst aeanxnca emo pfalr ee peaatnaidbn ldei visisbolcei atly pe of
organiszuacathsci aopni ttahlteih siimrts;dh a ep pteoat lhd ee ep-seated
consttasrn atdih dnee veloplmaewtsnhc taaatgnl e nearc altoels ieosdrat
compuslesqiuvoeefrn e cpee aatnaidbn ldei vfirsaimbelweo rks.
Ungsehro wsd etehpa-ts stoructcihtaeulhor aresy raenaac dhveadn ced
staotfde i sinteIgtcrsoa mtmiiotntm.oe nattbh oev e-metnhtrieoen ed
moviebsse comiinncgr eadissicnrgbelyhdy ii stteaodnr cdioc natle mporary
pracetxipcearlOi nerene csep.to otn hsdieis s crdeedeipt-esdst rouccitaulr e
theio"srp yo sistoicviiaslt w shcidiceehnn aicleets,o "gt ehdteih setri nction
z:axzamuaiL4JWIM¥WiW¥Hii&_i& iiWE,t
INTRODUCTION
VII
betwae" eofnr mactoinvteae nx"dtr "o uatcitniev ittihecseo" n tweixtth.i n
BuUtn gaerrg tuhepasot s istoicvsiicasiltie n snow c aeoy u Fto.tr h ree jection
ofth et ecxroton-utdiinset ilnecastdoiscos inca ile tnot issrttousud tyi nes of
confalnicdco tm prowmiitsthehie enx isitnisntgi taunitdmi aognianla tive
contoenxlty . aAsasf olromnacgto invtieess xt ta ibtlisen ,f luupeonnc e
routaicnteic vaibntef i oertsgt oTehnse.t uodvfyo tbienhga ovfdi ioffre rent
groiuanp ss tabflrmeae wsooiracskin a a peltx amplpe.o siTshtouicsvi iaslt
scientitshcteos n fomlviietscrhstf e o rmactoinvt-eet xhfteu ndamental
institauntdi iomnaasglti rnuaoctfstio uvcrleiei a Tflhe ee.yn u dpt aktihneg
exisftoirnmgac toinvtfeeog xrrt a natnseded e sioncgi etyt heteyh oerfso ugh
a" ersiginnesdiC daeurgb.he"tt wtehpeern e toef"n dseeep -strsuocctiuarle
theotroy ""bt esh cei eonfhc ies toontr hyoe"n hea nadn,td h uen critical
approoafpc ohseisst oicvsiicasilteo nntc hoeet hmeord,es ronct ihaolu ght
workoeudbt o t"hp ardtiisaslo launptdai rotrniesai ln staotfte hmee nts
naturvaileoiwfss otciyic.Ue "nt egr's thweoorirknae,n t uitcsahle ll, is an
efftoocr atr trhyie d eoaf" osciaesat ryt iaflatlchw tea" yt hrotuog h,
devealr oapd iacnatlilnya taunrtailniesctseiosccst,iih atelaoI rrntiy ha.in s
senUsneg,es ro'ctsih aelso trayag d eosu rbelbee alglaiciolnnas tss soicciaall
theowriyt,hf uintncsat liaionsddte terhmeirniitswateg alesal, g aaitsnh set
potsiivsioscstic aile nces.
AGAINSTS TRUCTUREF ETISHISAMN D
INSTITUTIONFAELTI SHISM
Unger "rdee-jeseptcrtussco tctuihraeeloa rny"d"p osistoicsviciaiselet, n "c
but nhoeatn iihsiH lepi rsets.te hrev emfisor vosefdt e ep-stthreuocrtyu re
-thdei stibnecttwi"eoofernnm actoinvtee axnt"dosf r"m reodu ti-nes"
whirleej eictttswi oont gh meorv -etsh seu bsumopft iefoaoncr hm ative
contuenxdateni r n divainrsdei pbelaettp yaeab,nl tdeh s ee afrocgrhe neral
lagwosv ernitnygpT ehsssiu.esc l hea cptpirvdoeia scthi nUgnugfiersroh me s
convenMtairoxniwashlto s ,w holeehmebardraetceeepd -lsyts rouccitaulr e
theoarswy e,la lsf ropmo sistoicvsiicasilte wnhtoid setntsyhc eo ntext­
l
routdiinset iInatcl tdsiioos nt.ha infmcor emas n nyi hpirlaicsottfpi ocset ­
mode"rednc ontsitornu.c"1
Thdei sticnocntcieivpnets utarlfu oUmrne gntet rh'eso rientniocvaalt ion
ihsi isn siing"thofotr mactoinvteea xnttdhs de"e eg eor tfh erierv itsyoa rb ili
dinsterencvhimse-hnaut-m vfaeirnes d Aosm .P Aenrdreywr seoolbnls erved,
thneo toif"o fno rmcaotenixtvite"s" p reseexnptreaedss saallenyrnt ative
1 RichaRrodr tnyi ceclayp tuUrnegse rt'hse oreticali nph oisdsii tsicounso sfiC oans toriadis
andU nger":C astoriaanddUi nsg earr ew illitnowg o rkw ithr,a thtehra dne constrtuhcet ,
notiotnhsaa tl reamdeya ns omethtionp ge opplree senatlli-yvw eh ilneo nethenloetgs isv ing
thel aswto rdt ot heh istorwiocraltldh ey inhSaebeRi itc.h"a rd R"oUrntgye,Cr a,s toriadis,
andt heR omancoef a NationFault urei,nR" o bin Loviann dM ichaelP erreyd,s ,
W. J.
CritiaqnudCe o nstrucAt Siyomnp:o siounmR oberUtnog erP'osl it(iNceswY orkC:a mbridge
UniverPsrietsy1s 9,8 7).
VIII INTRODUCTION
tot hmeo dep roofd uicntt hiMeoa nr xtirsatd ictaaissotin ad,ste or oi gid
anrde pliAcf aobrlmeac.to invtieess xo tm etlhoioansngemd ro rsei ng-ular
ana ccidiennsttailta unidtd ieoonlacollg uitschtraaeeltrg ubloatnthoe rsm al
expectaantrdio ountcsio nnefo lvietchrtde sir sitbuotfki eoryne so"ur2c es.
Althowueg hcn aenve esrc caoppmel ettheceloy n storfaa" iofnrtmsa tive
cont"we exc tam,na kiemt o roep enc htanolg alene rde viUsnigoaenrr.g ues
thtahtdi esg orfoe pee niniset ssvsea lrfiF aoberlx ea.mh pelree,d ciatsatreys
ina nciIenndtci oar,p oroartgealneyis zteaidtnf e esu Eduarlo spoec,i al
clatsosdeaasny "d,p tairoefos p intioomno"r row pmraerskoe fnt chee
groucphasr acotfie nrcirsetoaipscei nn" gplolyra fsotrimcac"to invtee xts.
Ungperro ptohsneeo st oifo" nen gatciavpea btiosl iiigtftnyyh" re e lative
degorfoe pee nanneddsi ss entroefanf cohrmmeacntotin vtee xt.
Thtee r"men gatciavpea bciolmioetrsyi "g ifnraoalm l lyeo tfJt oehrn
Keadtast,De edc em2b81e,8r .1 U 7ngeurs'asg e gaenntedrr aaonlrsimfzse s
thpeo emte'asn Iidtne gn.ot thaeecs t hiuvmewa inal nlid tc sa patcoti rtayn ­
sceenvdeg riyvf eonr mactoinvtbeeyn x etg aitititn nh go uagnhddte eTdo.
incr"eenagsaetc iavpea baimloiuttnyotc" sr eaitnisntgi tcunottieoxntasl
moroep etnot heoiwrrn e vi-ssiodo inm intihsgeha bipnew gte esnt ructure
and roruetvionlaeun,tpd ii oenc ermeefaoalrn md, sociaaln dm ovement
institutiUonngvaealrl ituzheasestt iroenn.go tfnh eegnaictnaigpvi aelb ity
botahsa ne nidni ts-eadl ifm enosfhi uomnfa rne e-daonmad sa m eans
to atchhei evoefom tehgneotra Floshr.e h oldst ot habes eri eg nificant
caucsoanln ebcettiwotenhed eni n sterencohffm oernmta tive contexts and
thesiurc caetas dsv anacliotnnhgge opfpa otshs iblbee towveeernl atph e
condiotfmi aotnespr rioaglar netdsh cseo ndiotfii nodnisve imdaunacli pa­
tion.
ThereUfnogrederi,'s st itnhcetoirsveteta incdaipclsoh ianrta cbtye rized
at wo-sviideoewffd o rmactnoitveewx thsir:le ec ogtnhiezriierns gi lience
anpdo werd,e phrteih vecesoseen xtotfst heaiurro afh ignheecrte yos rs i
authoHreei mtpyh.a tshi"aztteo s undseorcsditeeaetnpyrdl e yq"uu istr oe s
"sees etthfterlm o etdh e angulnes eeod"tfT. t hltipheser specrtiisvee gives
tot hcer itoifsq tureu fcetstuhiriaesn mid n stitfteuitsihoinsaml.
AccortdoUi nngges rt,r ufcettuirdseeh nitishemwas et c acnh antghee
qualoifft oyr mactoinvteHe exrttesh,.qe u aloifatf yo rmactnoitveiexs t
characbtyei rtdisez gerodefo e p ennteors esv iSstirouncf.te utries hism
remacionmsm ittott hemedi sttahkeetsnhi "asat stirasus cttruuerc.et" u r
As trufcettuirmseahb yie ass tk epptoiscta-lmr oedlearwtnhi govi ivsuetps,
onu nivesrtsaanldo afvr adlsau neid n siAglhtte.r naa sttirvuecltyu,r e
fetimsahybi esa tn ihiwlhioscstoe,n ciestr odn e consetvreurcytt hing.
Howevbeortt,hh eorpeotsiicataripleos nesu do-breacdatiuhcseeaeynl d,
up bssucribivniget wht abote ,ct aehuvese er yitcsho inntgea xltlu awle, can
PerrAyn derso"nR,o berUtnog earn dt heP olitoifcE sm powermenitn,h "i sA Zoneo f
2
Engageme(nLto ndaonnd N ewY orkV:e rs1o9,9 2p).,1 35.
fib! ££2faMJ4Jl&faMMJdt&tt:;. rj
INTRODUCTION IX
doi tsoc hoaos soec cioanlta enpxdlt ba yyi trsu les,t harcanht ahniegtres
qualoifet nyt renUcnhgmeetrnh'teas.sb iostu htre e ladteigvorefer ee vis­
abiolrid tiys entroefnf coharmtmeicnvoten tperxotvsai s doelsu ttoi on
thdiisl eomfmp ao stmodernism-tTuhren edow-uaictysto on servatism.
recotghnwaihtze en l owfseae i tahna bilsnuos ttea nodfva arldwu ene e,e d
nostu rretnotd heeexr i sitnisntgi taunitdmi aogniaonlra dtWeiervc .ea n
stsitlrlut gomg alkieen stiatnuddti isocnuarls itvheba etct otnetre xrtess pect
ousrp irniattuutarhleai ,tst o osuanrya tuarsce o enxtta-ntsrcending
agents.
Youm ayw ondaebro tuhtme e toriftc h "iesdg roefoe p ennaensds
revilysi.atI"bit ims e asubryte hde dibesttwasentecrneu cture-reproducing
routaicntei avnisdtt ireusc turet-rcahnaslfloaercnmtgaiitvnTiighvt eei es.
letshsde i sttahnmeco ero,ep eann d reavf iosrambacltoein vtbeee xcto mes.
Herweet ouucphoa cn r upcoiiainlnUt n gesro'ctsih aeloU rnygd.eor e s
nosth awrietm ho sott hceorn temspoocrtiaharelyo arnildsi tbspe orlailt i­
caplh ilostohpoehb esressw siiteohsn t haibntlghi" esen utraolfoi utry "
basiincs tiatmuotnigo ncsl aosfhh uimnaagsn s iodceFiaoalhrtsi i mto,hn e.
miraogfne e utrgaelitinstt hwyea y tohmfeo riem porotbeajcnttoi fv e
findianrgr angfeirmeenntdtoalps yr acetxipcearli moefni tnailtiisamt ives
anadr edailv eorfes xipteyr iWeecn acnendsoi.ts tiwnigtuhhiuismnha n
natautrter itbhuaatrtpee es r maanneudnn ti vferormst ahlot shea t vary
witsho cciiarlc umIsittfs au nttciopel r.ee saenin nts titourtdieaornn aals
expreosfsa i soyns toefrm i gshutpsp onseeudtlaryma olnc gl ashing
intearnecdso tnsf lviicstoiifon nggtso h oeWd h.a cto uintston s a rrtohwe
3
distbaentcwete herene prodaunctdth rieeo vni osfoi uoprnr acatnidc es
arrangeWemt ehnuhtses l.fp u ltfihlel requfiotrrhe omfseoenr tomsfs
mateprrioagltr hecasatscn o exwiisttthhl ei beroafit nidoinvfr iodmu als
rigid socainahdli edriavricshiioenss.
Itfh cer itoif"qt sureu cfteutirisesma h"t tackosnd eif rroeontcm ht feia te
allottout sbe ydo uirn stitthucetr iiotonifs"q ,isu ntei tufteiitsohniaslm "
attatchfikassft reoa mn otdhierireo Icnnt.s titfuettiiofsnhoUairnls gm ie,sr ,
thiem agiidneendt iofifhc iagtdhielotyna a inlldea dra gcecliyd iennsttailt u­
tional arraansbgterimanecsnttt istc uowtniictloehinp rkateelsp resentative
democarm aacryk,ee cto noomray f ,r ceievs iolc iTehteiy n.s titutional
fetimsahbyie ts hctel aslsiibcweahriload le nrteipfireess deenmtoactriavcey
andt hmea rkeecto nowmiyta h m akheissfteo tfg overnamenndt al
econoamrirca ngtehmhaeatnp tptse ohn a vter iumipnth hecedo uorfs e
modeErunr opheiasntH oer ym.aa lybs oet hhea rd-Mcaorrxweih sot
tretahtesssa ema er rangaesam nei nntdsi spsetnatsgoaewb alafre ud t ure,
regenoerrdwaehtroe cs oen theesn etae sbs o tphr eestaanbrdle issihsetda nt
Inh isc omparasttiuvdeoy fR awls, HabaenrdmU ansg erG,eo ffrHeayw thorpno inotust
3
thatth es earch nefuotrr alloiotmyls a rgienb oth RaawnldsH abermaSse.e G eofrfey
Hawthor"nP,r actical anRdeS aoscoinDa elm ocraRceyfl:e ctioonnU sn gerP'ass siaonnd
PolitiicnLs o,v"i ann dP erreyd,sC ,r itiaqnudeC onstruction.
x INTRODUCTION
toc reddiebslcer Hiepm taieyov neb.ne the spoocssiicatilieo vnrtit hsiets t
hard-pnoolsieotdrei ccoanlo micw hmoaa cncaegcpeutrrs rp ernatc tices
asa n uncontrovefrosirin atle brafrelasamtnea cwniodpnr rgko blem
solving.4
Onper omienxeanmotpif ln es titutiiowsnh aaUltn gfdeeerts icsrhiibsems
as" tmhyet hhiicsatolof dr eym oyc.rA"ac ccortdoti hnmigys t hviiceawl­
poin"tth,te r iaanldes r roofrm so depronl ietxipcearlia enndtc hee,
undoufbatieoldfmu arnepy r opaolsteedr nhaatvcieov nefisr,m ed that the
emerignesntoti ntsauoltl iuwteirmoeun csmh o re ftlhu"ak5Cne onst.r taor y
th"imyst hhiicsatl"o rUyni,gnesrti hswatetrs e coghnoiawzc ec idaernet al
thien stitaurtriaonngoaefclm oe nnttesm poraryd ermeopcrreasceinetsa tive
anmda rkeecto noFmoierex sa.m tphlleei ,b eral coonfstt hiet utionalism
eightceeennttuhr y gsroarunugttlh oaect a dtoropfe o liteidcuacalanltdye d
financsieacnluolrtyea fbullaelbstyl,os e a feguthapero dl itthgieoeyvs e rned
againsrtua lnmesdo e bd ucbtydi eomna gogues.
Thiesa rlliybc eornaslt ituwtanisoo ttnh raeol yirasolmat dod emocracy.
Onoefi t lse gahcabisee aess n t yolcfeo nstituctoimobnitanhdlieein msgom ­
craftriacng tmaetoipfoo nww eirta hna ntidemboitcaorswa attrhiddcee lib­
erastleo wdionwgon fp oliatnitdch psee rpetoufca otnisotni otru tional
elecitmopraaBslos ttehhA. em eripcraens irdeegnoitf"mih ecae lca knsbd a l­
ancaenstd"h nee etdob apsoel iptoiwcueaprlo b nr ocaodn sewnistuhsi n
thpeo tliicclaalis pnsa rliarmeegnitemaxeresym p tlhliiefsgy a cy.
Inc ontUrnagsetr, parn oepcwoo snesst iptruotgiTrohanpimars.lo gram
acceldeermaotcersa tic eaxnpbder reiaamwkeasfny rt oeamil gihstme enth­
centcuornys tituItctio omnbaaisl ntiersspom ln.eg b iseclietmaernita nw ith
broadm ualntcdih palnefn oetrlh pseo lirteipcraels eonfst oactiIienot ny .
fact",ud atlhiceso tnisctn isot"ftu h tiein oteprewra(ir1o d9- 139a8)n d the
PortuCgounessteio tf1u 79t8hi ionnat tteh dpe o sislioibfatc yo nstitutional
regmiomreoe p etnod emocerxapteirci mentalism.
Anotphreorm ienxeanmtop fli en stitfuettiiosinhswai hlsaU mtn ger
descraistb he"esm y thihciaslt oprryi vroaiftsg e.hA t"c cortdoti hnigs
mythical chuirsrWteeonsrttyl e,er gsntay hlse ot fe mp ropceornttyr aacntd
embodtihieen sh elroegoniftacm arkeecto nomy. toCt ohvniitser wa,r y
Ungienrs istmsa rtkehecatot n hoaam nsyo u niqsueoetfb uillte-gianl ­
institaurtriaonngaeTlhm ee ntcsu.r resnyts toWefepm sr toeparennrd t y
contrlaecasrt se filsoe cfadt eielopon g oifsc o cainaedlc ononmeicce ssity
thaanc ontionugtecnootfmp eoi ltisctarllue gIsgtc. o uhladva es sumed
othienrs ttiiotfnuoarlmT sh.ed evicaansaten std e ndewnictihteihsne
currleaonwpft r opaenrcdto yn tsruaacchs"t r,e liinatnecnreoe tst dse"p en­
denutp otnhf eu lalryt icwuilolafclt o endt rpaacrttiainlegrs es,au dgyg est
RobertMoa ngabeiUrnag erS,o ciaTlh eoryI:t sS ituatainodnI tsT ask( Cambridge:
4
CambridUgnei verPsrietsy1s 9,8 7),2 00-201.
pp.
· 5 Roberto MangabeiFraal NsUeenc geesrsA,in ttyNi:e cessitSaorciiaanl Tihnet ohreSye rvice
ofR adicDaelm ocra(cCya mbridCgaem:b ridUgnei verPsrietsy1s 9,8 7)2,1 .1
p.
INTRODUCTION XI
elemoefan nta sl terlneagtailv-ei nosrtdietoruftit hnmiegao rnkeaeclto n­
omyU.n gdeerv otmeasjp oaaror fth icso nstrsuoccttihiaevltoe ort yh e
develoopfam letnetr snyasttioevfpme rs o perctoyn taHrneads c hto.w s
how wea cchaitnehg vioesab ylr ediraencrdte isntgr utchtdeue rviinagn t
tendencitehcseu rwrpiertnihtvi ant e-rights system.
Unger'so tfch "remi yttihqiuceoa dfle mhoicsatrnoatdrch yy"e "my thical
hisyto ofpr rivraitgehi toss n"lap y a ortf ihniusstt iitogneanle aHleo gy.
alpsroe saenna tlst erpnosastiibviel,i tvyi-eoewfn hgatenhnece iosfni gs
contemipnosrtairotyfgu otvieornansmn ledan btHo ero .u tlaip naersa llel
geneaolSfoo gvayin ecdto mmuCnhiisniten ssetn isIt.neu a tcciahos Uen,ge r
"maktehsfea misltira,ar"nt g heaits shheo hwosw a ccidetnhteaslel y
instiwteurgteei noenrsa teevdo lavanenhdddo , wt helyo o"kn atuirna l"
retrospteoamc it nudon ndleyr tohffe a lnssepece elsls ity.
Thoev etrhaelomlfUe n gegre'nse ailtsoh fgeay l seohfio nosdt itutional
fetiesxhiissitmni:sn tgi atrurtainognfoearmlmae s nutbsos fbe rto apdoesr­
sibiUlnigteeimrep sh.at shifizaseic snht i tsr eatomf"e epnttct oym miotdy
prodounct"th:eie c onoofsm my allr-eslcaaetlqieuv,pae rlloy d uocpeerrs­,
atitnhgr oumgihox fc ao opeorragtainvieaz naidtn idoenp eancdteinvti ty.
Radiacnacdlo sn seravlaihtkaievuv ese usa lly "cptoetncyso imdmeordeidt y
productiotnof" a idlboueorcmeaie,uptd sr ee ctlhueedc eosn oomfsi ceasl e
ipnr oduacntedix ocnh vainttgotae el c hnodlyongaimciaslm .
Ungseer"e epst ctoym mopdriotdyu cdtieifrfoennH"ten l eyi.ta chceerp ts
nor rieitjni et ucsnt rse confsotrrRmua.ct thheeetdr r ,ti eo"s r esicbtuy e "
invennteiwen cgo noamnipdco liitnisctailtF uoetrxi aomnwpsel.c e a,n
sattihsiefym peroafet ciovneoo mfsi ceabslyfi e n dai" nmge tohfmoa dr ket
organitzhamatatik ioeptnso sstiopb olocela pitteaclh,n olomgaine­s, and
powweirt hdoiustt rpiebrumtainnegun ntq uaarnlidig fitheottd hs eu isre ."
Thisso luatmioountn ott shn ee wr egiomfpe r opreirgtihynUt nsg er's
prograpmrmoaptoisca l, dWiesc cauinsn sveneden witn b setliotwu.t ions
rescfuriotnmhgo e l ddr eoafym eomdaenm ocarnasdcm ya lli-nsdcea­le
pendent pkreorponefaepr lrt ayc attlihtceea rlon paettnoei c voen,oa nmdi c
technoplrooggaircswea esallsst l o d emocirdaetailcs .
Indeoenodef,t h meo sfats cintahteiminenUgs n e grd'iss cuosfts hieo n
nefwo romfasm arkeecto niotsmh yce o nnehceet sitoanb bleitswheeesn
theisnes titpurtoibolanenamdtls h eem ergaidnvga npcreadc toifc es
vanguaprrdoidsuttco tdiHaoeynr. ae g aUinng,he erl ps utsh arte alize
inhearniedts etda balrirsahnegdde onm oetn trste hhfeil gehcetr o fao rder
"natluarowafh l u mhains yt.Wo"erc atnr anstfhoeirmwfm e w anBtys. o
doiwnegc ,ar ne mfaiaitnh tfotu hpler ogriemspsuilvdseee m oocfr acy.
PROGRAMMATICA LTERNATIVEST ODAY
Unger'so fsc trriutfcietqtuuirease nh di simn sfteittiuistcshil ioosnsmae ll y
reltahot iepsdr ograamrmgautmiaecs n ttrbsoo;nn ugdn ittheeexs p lanatory