Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949 PDF
Preview Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949
Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949 Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949 Glenn Feldman THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA PRESS Tuscaloosa Copyright © 1999 The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Publication of this volume has been supported in part by a subvention from the Center for Labor Education and Research and the School of Business, The University of Alabama at Birmingham. The photograph on the front cover of the paperback edition is courtesy of Birmingham Public Library Archives. The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Glenn. Politics, society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949 / Glenn Feldman. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8173-0983-7 (alk. paper) ISBN 0-8173-0984-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Ku Klux Klan (1915-)-Alabama-History. 2. Alabama-Race relations- HistorY-20th century. 3. Alabama-Social conditions-20th century. 4. Alabama-Politics and government- 1865-1950. I. Title. HS2330.K63 F44 1999 322.4' 2'0 9761' 0904-dc21 99-6123 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available For Hallie, "my sweetheart." With all my love . .. Contents Illustrations IX Acknowledgments Xl Introduction I. Origins of the Revised Klan II 2. The Civic, Educational, and Progressive Klan 21 3· The Moral and Religious Klan 37 4· The Racist and Nativist Klan 51 5· The Political Klan 63 6. The Year of the Whip 92 7· Elite War on the Klan 116 8. Limits of the Oligarchy's Campaign 137 9· Race over Rum, Romans, and Republicans 160 ro. Disloyalty, Revenge, and the End of an Era 193 II. I930S Causes Celebres: Scottsboro and Hugo Black 219 12. The Threat of Urban Radicalism 238 13· Farm, Factory, and Hooded Persistence 259 14· World War II and Postwar Alabama 285 15· Federal-State Interaction in the I940S 305 Epilogue: "To Wither Away" 325 Abbreviations 329 Notes 335 Bibliography 399 Index 427 Illustrations I. 1921 Klansman Kneeling Before Cross and Flag 15 2. 1920S Klansman on Horseback 19 3· Automobile Parade in Montgomery, 1925 22 4· Forrest Klan Initiation, 1924 26 J. 5· T. Shirley, ca. 1925 30 6. 1920S Klansmen with the Cross and Flag 39 7· Klan Meeting and Cross-burning, 1920S 43 8. Klanswomen Attending a Rally 48 9· 1920S Klan Enforcers 61 10. Senator Oscar W. Underwood, 1920S 65 II. James Marion ("Jimmie") Jones, ca. 1925 82 12. Klansman Handing Out Literature, 1927 85 13· Manifestation of Klan Strength, 1924 90 14· Grover C. Hall, Sr., ca. 1930 103 15· Governor Bibb Graves, 1930S 120 16. Victor Hanson, ca. 1927 124 17· Political Cartoon, 1927 151 18. Klan Celebration, 1927 157 x • Illustrations 19· "Poor Little Orphan" Float, December 1927 158 20. Political Cartoon, 1928 169 J. 21. Senator Thomas Heflin, ca. 1928 173 22. Horace C. Wilkinson, 1930S 180 23· Racial Control Through Convict Leasing 188 24· Hugh A. Locke, 1930 195 25· Political Cartoon, ca. 1928 205 26. John H. Bankhead II, ca. 1930 210 27· Large Gathering of 1920S Klan Leaders 222 28. Mr. and Mrs. Justice Black, 1930S 231 29· Governor Benjamin Meek Miller, 1931-1935 272 30. Theophilus Eugene ("Bull") Connor, 1940S 296 31. Cross-burning in Autauga County, Late 1940S 303 32. A Klan Welcome Sign, Late 1940S 323
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