Table Of Content

P OLITICS IN A C W HANGING ORLD Seventh Edition M E. E ARCUS THRIDGE University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee H H OWARD ANDELMAN University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Australia•Brazil•Canada•Mexico•Singapore•Spain•UnitedKingdom•UnitedStates Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. 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Instructors:Pleasevisitlogin.cengage.comandlogintoaccess instructor-specificresources. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. C ONTENTS Preface viii About the Authors xiv I FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Politics, Government, and Political Science 2 Politics and Government Defined 7 Government Functions 8 Kinds of Governments 10 The Stakes of Politics 14 Politics in a Changing World 23 Conclusion: Why Study Political Science? 26 2 Ideologies: Images of Political Life 29 Liberalism and Conservatism 30 Capitalism 40 Marxism 41 Socialism 43 Other Ideologies 46 Conclusion: Ideology Shapes Political Community and Political Conflict 52 II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 55 3 Political Culture and Socialization 56 Political Culture: Origins of the Concept 59 Agents of Political Socialization 61 Classifying Political Cultures 64 The Evolution of Political Cultures 69 Conclusion: The Utility of Political Culture 76 iii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. iv Contents 4 Public Opinion and Elections 80 Influences on Public Opinion and Voting Choice 81 Voter Turnout 96 The Electoral Process and Campaign Money 101 Electoral Systems 103 Public Opinion Polling 110 Conclusion: Elections and Public Opinion—The People’s Voice? 111 5 Political Parties 114 What Are Political Parties? 116 The Functions of Political Parties 117 The Origins of Political Parties 123 Party Systems 124 Types of Political Parties 128 Conclusion: Parties in a Changing World 137 6 Interest Groups 143 Interest Groups: What They Are and How They Work 145 The Power of Interest Groups 157 The Growth of Interest Groups 162 How Interest Groups Are Formed 162 Conclusion: Interest Groups—A Challenge for Democracy? 167 III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 171 7 Legislative Institutions 172 Lawmaking 173 Legislatures: Features, Functions, and Structure 174 Representation 186 Party Responsibility and Legislative Behavior 188 The Changing Role of Modern Legislatures 190 8 Executive Institutions, Political Leadership, and Bureaucracy 194 The Functions of Executive Institutions 195 Kinds of Executive Institutions 202 Limits on Executive Power 204 Approaches to Executive Leadership 209 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. 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Contents v Bureaucratic Institutions 213 What Is Bureaucracy? 214 Bureaucratic Functions 216 The Growth of Bureaucracy 217 Bureaucracy Evaluated 219 Bureaucracy and Democracy 221 Can Bureaucracy Be Improved? 224 Executives and Bureaucracies—From Policy Leadership to Policy Implementation 225 9 Judicial Institutions 228 Judicial Functions 228 Justice and the Political System 230 Kinds of Law 233 Judicial Institutions: Structure and Design 238 Judicial Decisions and Public Policy 243 Perspectives on Judicial Policymaking 245 IV POLITICS IN SELECTED NATIONS 251 Some Critical Approaches and Issues 252 Great Britain and the United States: Developed Democracies 253 Russia and China: Past and Present Communist Giants 253 Mexico: A Developing Nation 254 10 U.S. Government: The Dilemmas of Democracy 255 The Founding Period 256 Governmental Institutions 260 Participation in U.S. Politics 280 U.S. Politics: Prospects and Challenges 284 11 Great Britain: A Traditional Democracy 294 The Relevance of British Politics 294 Contemporary British Society and Political Culture 297 Political Parties and Voting 304 Interest Groups 309 The Structure of Government 311 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. vi Contents Public Policy and the British Economy 316 Conclusion: Great Britain in the Twenty-First Century 320 12 Russia: From Authoritarianism to Democracy and Back 323 The Relevance of the Russian Experience 323 Russia and the Former Soviet Republics 325 The Rise and Fall of Soviet Communism 329 The Birth of a New Political System 335 Restructuring the Economy 341 Russia in the Early Twenty-First Century and Beyond 344 The Concentration of Political Power 345 Conclusion: The Russian Experience with Democratization 349 13 China: Searching for a New Vision 357 The Relevance of Chinese Politics 359 The Chinese Revolution and Its Origins 360 The Evolution of Chinese Politics and Society 362 Reforming the Chinese Economy 365 China’s Political System 371 Conclusion: China’s Uncertain Future 385 14 The Politics of Developing Nations 394 The Meaning of Underdevelopment 397 Theories of Underdevelopment and Development 406 Sources of Political Conflict 410 Problems of Political Participation 413 Women in Third World Society and Politics 418 Third World Political Institutions 422 Conclusion: Recent Developments and Future Trends 426 15 Mexico: The Birth Pangs of Democracy 431 The Relevance of Mexican Politics 433 Mexico’s Formative Years and the Legacy of the Mexican Revolution 435 The Post Revolutionary Order 437 The Making of a Modern Economy 438 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. 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Contents vii The Struggle for Political Development 442 Conclusion: A Developing Democracy 459 V INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 471 16 Approaches to International Relations 472 International Relations versus Domestic Politics 473 Idealists and Realists 474 War and International Relations 479 Foreign Policy Decision Making 486 International Political Economy 488 International Law and Organization 492 Ethics and International Relations 497 Conclusion: War, Trade, Foreign Policy, and the Stakes of International Politics 498 17 A Changing World Order 502 From the End of the Cold War to the Beginning of an Uncertain Future 503 Policing Trouble Spots: A New World Order or a World without Order? 505 The Changing Nature of the International Arms Race 509 Current Trends in World Trade: Economic Unification and Beyond 513 North–South Relations 517 Protecting the Environment 523 Human Rights 527 Women’s Rights 531 International Terrorism 533 Conclusion: The Changing Face of International Relations 535 Glossary 539 Index 551 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. P REFACE W e designed the seventh edition of Politics in a Changing World to provide a foundation for understanding political life and the increasingly di- verse field of political science. Although we hope the book will be helpful for those who become political science majors, its primary purpose is to in- troduce students from a wide range of fields to the discipline. Citizens in every walk of life need to understand the consequences of political choices and the pro- cesses through which those choices are made. T C W T -F C HE HANGING ORLD IN THE WENTY IRST ENTURY Revising a political science textbook through seven editions is a wonderfully compel- ling way to confront the reality of political change. When we wrote the first edition, neithertheUnitedStatesnorEuropehadeverexperiencedasignificantterroristattack. Partisan politics in the United States was far less polarized, the Institutional Revolu- tionary Party (PRI) had never faced serious opposition in Mexico, Saddam Hussein hadafirmgriponpowerinIraq,MuammarGaddaficontrolledLibya,andHosniMu- barak ruled Egypt. Western economies were still booming, India was struggling to achieve sustained economic growth, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)wasjustabouttotakeeffect.Politicalscientistswereonlybeginningtocon- sider how international affairs would be changed by the end of the Cold War, and therewaswidespreadoptimismthatgenuinedemocracywasdawninginRussia. Although political scientists predicted few of these changes and events correctly, the accumulated knowledge generated by the discipline has helped us to make sense of them. Studies of voting behavior, the causes of war, the process of political development, and the impact of economics on politics help us understand what factors will be important as government and international relations evolve in the years to come. The increasing relevance of international trade will have a role in both foreign and domestic policy in nearly all countries, and the protracted state of cultural and ethnic conflict—particularly conflict involving radical Islamic fundamentalism—will influence many of the choices that governments and citizens will make. The spread of democracy throughout the world has slowed, but the trend toward greater open- ness in both the political and the economic spheres is firmly entrenched in many areas. Technological advances and the spread of the Internet will shape a great deal of our lives, including commerce, our expectations of privacy, and national security. Political science sheds light on all of these factors. viii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.