Politics, Citizenship and Rights

545 Pages·2016·5.812 MB·English

by  Kirsi Pauliina Kallio, Sarah Mills, Tracey Skelton

Geographies of Children and Young People 7
Kirsi Pauliina Kallio
Sarah Mills Editors
Tracey Skelton Editor-in-Chief
Politics,
Citizenship and
Rights
1 3
Reference
Geographies of Children and Young People
Volume 7
Editor-in-Chief
TraceySkelton
DepartmentofGeography
NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore,Singapore
GeographiesofChildrenandYoungPeopleisaMajorReferenceWorkcomprising
twelve volumes that pulls together the best international reflective and innovative
scholarship focusing on younger people. Volumes 1 and 2 establish and critically
engage with the theoretical, conceptual and methodological groundings of this
geographical sub-discipline. Volumes 3–11 provide in depth thematic analysis of
keytopicalareaspertinenttochildren’sandyoungpeople’slives:space,placeand
landscape; identities and subjectivities; families and peer groups; movement and
mobilities;politicsandcitizenship;globalissuesandchange;playandwell-being;
learning and labouring; conflict and peace. Volume 12 connects both academic,
policyandpractitionerbasedworkaroundprotectionandprovision.
SeriesTitles
1. EstablishingGeographiesofChildrenandYoungPeople
2. MethodologicalApproaches
3. Space,Landscape,andEnvironment
4. GeographiesofIdentitiesandSubjectivities
5. Families,Intergenerationality,andPeerGroupRelations
6. Movement,Mobilities,andJourneys
7. Politics,CitizenshipandRights
8. GeographiesofGlobalIssues:ChangeandThreat
9. Play,Recreation,HealthandWellBeing
10. LaboringandLearning
11. Conflict,Violence,andPeace
12. Risk,Protection,ProvisionandPolicy
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13414
Kirsi Pauliina Kallio (cid:129) Sarah Mills
Editors
Tracey Skelton
Editor-in-Chief
Politics, Citizenship and
Rights
With15Figuresand6Tables
Editors
KirsiPauliinaKallio SarahMills
SpaceandPoliticalAgencyResearch DepartmentofGeography
Group(SPARG),CentreofExcellence LoughboroughUniversity
inResearchontheRelationaland Leicestershire,UK
TerritorialPoliticsofBordering,
IdentitiesandTransnationalization
(RELATE)
UniversityofTampere
Tampere,Finland
Editor-in-Chief
TraceySkelton
DepartmentofGeography
NationalUniversityofSingapore
Singapore,Singapore
ISBN978-981-4585-56-9 ISBN978-981-4585-57-6(eBook)
ISBN978-981-4585-58-3(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-981-4585-57-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015947560
SpringerSingaporeHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016
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Series Preface
GeographiesofChildrenandYoungPeoplenowconstitutesamajorsubdiscipline
within Geography.This is avery exciting andinfluential timeinits development.
Hence, it is important to capture the dynamism, depth, and breadth of the
subdiscipline within a Major Reference Work (MRW). Springer Major Reference
Worksareproducedinsuchawaythatupdatingandeditingoftheonlineversion
canbedoneeveryfewyears.Thismeansthatthepublicationdoesnotfixthedata,
debates, and delivery but rather moves and evolves with the subdiscipline itself.
TheintentionandexpectationofthisMRWisthatthissubstantivecollectionwillbe
thego-toresourceforscholars,educators,andpractitionersworkingwithchildren
andyoungpeople.
Whilefoundingscholarshipwaspublishedinthe1970sand1980s,thedramatic
expansionofresearchandpublicationinthefieldreallybeganinthelate1990sand
hascontinuedexponentially. Thelastdecade haswitnessedasubstantiveincrease
ingraduatestudentresearchprojectsandasurgeinuniversity-levelteachingrelated
tochildren’sandyoungpeople’sgeographies.Itisthereforeextremelytimelythat
this 12-volume major reference work has been produced. Together as Editor-in-
Chief,VolumeEditors,andAuthors,wehavedevelopedthelargest singlecollec-
tion of geographic work focusing on children and young people in the world.
Intellectually, the work reaches beyond geography to the wider social and behav-
ioral sciences; many of the authors in the series are not geographers, and so, the
collection is healthily and engagingly transdisciplinary. Anyone working with
children and young people will find chapters that connect very effectively with
their own interests. Specialists as well as graduate and tertiary education students
willfindrelevantworkdistributedthroughouttheMRWorlocateeverythingthey
mightneedwithinonethematicvolume.
This Series was founded on certain key intellectual and political principles.
Working with young people and children within the academy has not always
been easy nor a straightforward pathway for academics. It has taken time for
scholars to convince their colleagues of the following: that children and young
peoplereallymatter;thattheyshouldnotbemarginalizedbytheacademy;thatthey
have competency and agency and play important roles in society; and that they
should be taken seriously as people regardless of age or size. This 12-volume
collectionismaterialevidence ofthe academic importanceofchildrenandyoung
v
vi SeriesPreface
people in our world. The MRW is determinedly international in approach, in
authorship, and in content. The huge diversity of nations and territories explored
inthecollectionaswellasthegeographiclocationsofauthorcontributorsisareal
testament to the commitment of the Editor-in-Chief and Volume Editors to be
genuinelyinternational. Childrenandyoungpeopleareeverywhere ontheplanet,
henceitisimperativethatthisSeriesreflectsthatubiquity.Drawingfromscholars
andscholarshipfromwithinandaboutthemajorityworldhasbeenakeyachieve-
mentforeachvolume.Anotheraspectofinclusivityrelatestoauthorship.Founda-
tional, well-established, and early career scholars are all well represented
throughoutthevolumes.
The 12 volumes work collectively as a series and also stand alone as single
books.Thevolumesarelengthyandcontainbetween25and35fullchapters;each
volume is an excellent resource of expertise, content, and analysis. Volume
1, Establishing Geographies of Children and Young People, is designed to pull
together some of the foundational work in the subdiscipline; demonstrate the
emergence and establishment of particular philosophical, theoretical, and concep-
tual themes; and capture the diversity of geographic work on children and young
people as it connects with other sub- and disciplinary approaches. This volume
presentsthekeyfoundingelementsofthesubdiscipline.Volume2,Methodological
Approaches,exploresthegrandarrayofmethodologicalapproachesandtoolsthat
children’ and young people’s geographers, and other social and behavioral scien-
tists,haveworkedwith,adapted,andinvented.Chaptersexploreresearchpractices,
techniques, data analysis, and/or interpretation. Working with younger people in
research demands different ways of doing research and hence addressing the
complexities of power relations. Methodologically, innovation and experimenta-
tionhavebeenveryimportant.Space,PlaceandEnvironment(Vol.3)takesthese
three central geographic concepts and debates and extends them. The volume is
structuredaroundfivesubsections:nationhood,landscape,andbelonging;children,
nature, and environmental education; urbanity, rurality, and childhood; home/less
spaces; and border spaces. Several of these themes are explored in fuller depth in
subsequent specialized volumes. Volumes 1 and 3 will be particularly useful
starting points for readers less familiar with geography as a discipline. Volume
4,GeographiesofIdentitiesandSubjectivities,isdesignedtofocusonthestuffof
life and living for younger people. The chapters examine who young people and
childrenareandwhattheirsocialidentitiesandsubjectivitiesmeaninthecontextof
their spatial experiences. The volume explores identity formation and the spatial
meaning of identities and subjectivities in relation to a broad range of social
relations.Thechaptersexplorehowyoungpeople’ssensesofselfhoodandbelong-
ingemergethroughcomplexprocessesofinclusion,exclusion,andmarginalization
and the important role played by representation, discourse, and creativity. In Vol.
5, Families, Intergenerationality and Peer Group Relations, the focus is on the
ways in which children and young people are relationally connected with others.
SectionIdemonstratesthatfamilialrelationshipsandthespatialityofthehomeare
extremely important in all children’s and young people’s lives, even though the
patterns and structures of families and the spaces/places of home vary
SeriesPreface vii
geographically andtemporally.SectionII innovativelyexaminesthecomplexities
and spatialities of extrafamilial intergenerational relationships and the complex
meaningsofagerelationality.SectionIIIemphasizeschildren’sandyoungpeople’s
relationshipswithoneanother.Thisincludesworkongeographiesofemotionand
affect,bodiesandembodiment.
Themobilityturningeographyhasbeenhighlyinfluentialinthesocialsciences.
Children’s and young people’s geographers have been significant in the paradig-
maticshiftaroundmobilitiesandimmobilities.InVolume6,Movement,Mobilities
and Journeys, contributors examine the role children and young people play in
these “travels” in a range of diverse global contexts. The chapters collectively
providetheoretical,empirical,andmethodologicalinsightsandexamplesofactual
movementcombinedwithanalysisofarangeofcomplexcontexts,spatialities,and
temporalitiesthatfacilitateorhampermobility.Volume7takesusintotherealmof
children and young people as political beings. Politics, Citizenship and Rights
explores the political geographies of younger people in order to bring analytical
attention to intricacies of the policies that specifically affect young people and
children, alongside the politics at play in their everyday lives. Divided into four
sections,thevolumeinterrogatesthespatialitiesoftherightsofthechild,children
and young people’s agency in politics, youthful practices and political resistance,
andactiveyouthcitizenship.Volume8,GeographiesofGlobalIssues,unitesthree
broadresearchthemesthatareoftenexaminedseparately:economicglobalization
and cultural change; international development; and children and young people’s
connectionswithclimatechange,naturalhazards,andenvironmentalissues.What
pulls these themes together is the recognition that younger people are important
actorsandagentswithintheseprocessesandthattheirengagement/disengagement
is crucial for the planet’s future. In Volume 9, Play, Recreation, Health and
Wellbeing, important, well-established, but often contentious foci of children’s
and young people’s lives are examined conceptually, temporally, spatially, in
practice,andthroughrepresentation.Manyofthedebatesaboutchildren’sembodi-
mentrevolvingaroundobesity,unfitness,wellness,andneglectarerelativelynew
inthesocialsciences,andgeographershaveplayedimportant rolesintheircloser
scrutiny. Volume 10, Learning and Laboring, provides an integrated and
multidimensional approach to understanding what learning and laboring mean to
childrenandyoungpeople.Thetwoconceptsareexploredindepthandbreadthin
order to capture the variance of what work and education mean and how they are
practiced in different places and at different times through childhood and youth.
Keythematicareasforthisvolumeincludesocialreproduction,transitions,aspira-
tions,andsocialandculturalcapital.InConflict,ViolenceandPeace(Volume11),
the emphasis is on the ways in which children are impacted and affected by, and
involvedwith,highlyproblematicandfragileconditionsofwar,violence,conflict,
and peace. As more andmoreyounger people experience a range ofconflicts and
social,economic,andpoliticalviolence,itisessentialtoexaminewhathappensto
them and what roles they play in processes such as asylum, child soldiering,
terrorism,counterterrorism,endingconflict,andbuildingpeace.Volume12,Risk,
Protection, Provision and Policy, servesto connectacademicresearch and policy
viii SeriesPreface
and planning that affects children and young people. Policy, planning, and provi-
sionareoftenpurportedlyaboutreducingriskandofferingprotectionbutarealso
associated with the control and containment of younger people, particularly spa-
tially. The chapters explore the ways in which policies at different scales affect
childrenandyoungpeopleintermsoftheiraccesstospaceandtheirlifechances.
ThisSeriesisanextremelyrich,varied,andvibrantcollectionofworkcentered
on geographies of children and young people. Just as children and young people
bringvibrancy,diversity,andcomplexitytoourworlds,sothisMRWisdesignedto
showcase, deepen, and develop the geographic scholarship that captures, albeit
partially,the fascinatingsocialheterogeneityanddiverse spatialities ofchildren’s
andyoungpeople’slives.
NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore TraceySkelton
May20,2015 MAOxon,Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
Editorial: Geographies of Children and Young
People’s Politics, Citizenship, and Rights
Kirsi Pauliina Kallio and Sarah Mills
Introduction
In2014,25%oftheglobalpopulationwereaged0–14,andcombinedwiththoseup
to29years,youngpeoplecomprisedhalfoftheworld’speople(USCensusBureau
2014).Theseindividualsformauniqueglobalpopulation.Ashumanbeings,they
areequalwithotherpeople–children’shumanityisseldomquestioned.Intermsof
human rights, they are separated from older generations as their needs and capa-
bilities are seen to differ partially from those of adults. As citizens, children are
minorswhoacquirediversepositionsindifferentpoliticalsystems. Inthisregard,
young people’s engagement in political communities varies notably as a range of
interpretationsofyouthfulcitizenshipexistindifferentgeographiccontexts.
Research on children and young people’s geographies therefore does not con-
cern minor groups or issues but quite the opposite. The policies that specifically
target young people or have great influence on them, and the politics in the
everyday lives of children and youth in all scalar dimensions, are major issues
that ought to draw broad interest among geographers and other researchers. This
bookisdedicatedtobringingvisibilitytothisresearchareaandaimstocementthe
political geographies of children and young people within human geography and
beyond.Therehavebeenseveralimportantcallsinrelationtothisresearchagenda
over the last decade or so, advocating closer conversations between political
geographers and those who research the geographies of children, youth, and
families(PhiloandSmith2003;Vanderbeck2008;KallioandHa¨kli2010;Skelton
2010, 2013). While these much-needed requests have championed the need for
geographic research that recognizes children and young people’s presence in
politics, our hope with this volume is todemonstrate the rich scholarship that has
established alongside newer areas of enquiry that are emerging as part of these
debates.Ontheonehand,thecollectionseekstoportraythespecificityoftheroles
andpositionsavailabletochildrenandyoungpeopleintheirsocieties,toexplicate
whytheirpoliticalgeographiesearnspecialattention;ontheotherhand,itpavesa
waytounderstandingthebroadgeographicvarietyofyouthfulpolitics,citizenship,
ix