Politics and Society in Eastern Europe PDF
Preview Politics and Society in Eastern Europe
COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Series Editor: Vincent Wright Published Rod Hague and Martin Harrop Comparative Government and Politics (2nd edition) Joni Lovenduski and Jean Woodall Politics and Society in Eastern Europe Stephen White, John Gardner and George Schopflin Communist Political Systems: An Introduction (2nd edition) Forthcoming Nigel Bowles American Government and Politics Robert Leonardi Government and Politics in Italy Neill Nugent Government and Politics of the European Community Douglas Webber Government and Politics of Germany: Policy and Politics in the FRG Series Standing Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the United Kingdom we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 2XS, England. Also published by Macmillan COMMUNIST POLITICS: A Reader Edited by Stephen White and Daniel Nelson A comprehensive, up-to-date, reader on communist political systems including chapters by twenty-one authors drawn from the best work published in journals and scholarly symposia in recent years. Politics and Society in Eastern Europe J oni Lovenduski Jean Woodall M MACMILLAN EDUCATION © Joni Lovenduski and Jean Woodalll987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 7 Ridgmount Street, London WClE 7AE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Plymouth British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lovenduski, Joni Politics and society in Eastern Europe.~ (Comparative government and politics) I. Europe, Eastern~ History~ 1945- 1. Title II. Woodall, Jean Ill. Series 947.085 DJK50 ISBN 978-0-333-36905-0 ISBN 978-1-349-18877-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18877-2 For Ghita lonescu Contents List qf Tables and Figures X Acknowledgements Xll 1 How We Know What We Know about Eastern Europe 1 2 Interwar Eastern Europe 15 State- and nation-building 15 The geographical and cultural setting 17 The interwar economies 27 Interwar social patterns 31 Interwar politics 37 3 War, Communism and Stalinism 48 World War Two 48 Liberation and communist ascent 53 Stalinism 62 4 The Structure and Development of Centrally Planned Economies in Eastern Europe 68 Eastern Europe is different 69 The strategy of industrialisation 76 Agriculture 83 Industrial management: control over the production process 91 Vll Vlll Contents 5 The Implementation of Economic Reform in Eastern Europe 97 Reforming the Stalinist model of industry: the debates 97 National experience of economic reform 105 Summary 121 Conclusion: the politics of economic reform-who benefits? 122 6 Equality and the Social Order 129 Social inequality and political domination 131 Social stratification and social mobility 136 The new social structure 139 The peasantry 144 The manual working class 149 The intelligentsia 153 The social significance of gender 155 Ethnicity, nationality and inequality 159 The political significance of social inequality 164 7 The Logic of Party Rule (I): History, Ideology and Structure 173 The Marxist-Leninist heritage and the origins of the communist parties of Eastern Europe 174 Marxist-Leninist principles and party life: the role of ideology 175 Party structures 191 Party-state relations 197 Conclusion 204 8 The Logic of Party Rule (II): Power and Representation 205 Party membership 207 The party apparatus and cadre policy 222 Leadership 227 Political elites and party rule 237 Conclusion 244 9 The State Institutions 246 Constitutional systems 248 The institution of government 253 Contents IX Socialist law 272 Institutional legitimation 281 10 Political Participation and Interest Articulation 283 Political participation 284 Elections 288 Institutional intermediation 292 Mass communication, participation and mobilisation 308 Summary and discussion 310 II Political Accommodation: Interests, Opposition and Dissent 314 Working-class politics 315 Religion and the churches 332 Opposition and dissent 340 12 From Ability to Need: Social Welfare and Educational Policy 347 Economic and social policy 347 The labour market 352 Education 354 Housing and uFbarrl-safion 369 Social security and pensions 373 Family policy 383 Conclusion: social policy and inequality 386 13 The External Relations of the East European Socialist States 388 Bloc politics: the development of a framework 390 The Warsaw Treaty Organisation 393 East European foreign policy initiatives 399 East European trading relations 410 Ideological developments 417 Summary and conclusion 419 14 Conclusions: Legitimating State Socialism in Eastern Europe 421 Bibliography 433 Index 456 List of Tables and Figures Tables 4.1 Average growth rates, 1950-79 72 4.2 Main economic indicators 74 4.3 Landholding by sector of ownership (percentage of both arable and pastoral area), 1983 84 6.1 Percentage of the workforce employed in agriculture in 1960 and 1980 in Eastern Europe 130 6.2 East European populations in 1984 130 6.3 Occupational patterns in Russia, 1913, and the Soviet Union, 1939 (per cent) 140 6.4 Social structure in the Soviet Union (official figures), 1959 and 1979 (per cent) 141 6.5 Inter-generational social mobility: percentages born into a particular stratum who have moved to a different stratum 142 6.6 Social stratification in Eastern Europe: proportion of population by occupational group of main source of family income or by occupation of individual-economically active population only (per cent) 143 6. 7 Male blue-collar workers by father's occupation (per cent) 144 8.1 Communist party memberships: total and as percentage of population 208 8.2 Social composition of the communist parties (per cent) 212 X
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