Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies: Change and Continuity PDF
Preview Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies: Change and Continuity
POLITICS AND POLICIES IN UPPER GUINEA COAST SOCIETIES Change and Continuity Edited by Christian K. Højbjerg, Jacqueline Knörr, and William P. Murphy Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies Christian K . Højbjerg • J acqueline K nörr • W illiam P. M urphy Editors Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies Change and Continuity Editors Christian K. Højbjerg William P. Murphy Aarhus University Department of Anthropology Aarhus, Denmark Northwestern University Evanston, USA Jacqueline Knörr Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Halle (Saale), Germany ISBN 978-1-349-95012-6 ISBN 978-1-349-95013-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-95013-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958325 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2 017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: © Tommy E Trenchard / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. The registered company address is 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A. C ONTENTS 1 Introduction: Deconstructing Tropes of Politics and Policies in Upper Guinea Coast Societies 1 Christian K. Højbjerg , J acqueline Knörr , and William P. Murphy Part I (Re-)Confi gurations of Identifi cations and Alliances 27 2 Poro Society, Migration, and Political Incorporation on the Freetown Peninsula, Sierra Leone 2 9 Anaïs Ménard 3 Challenging the Classical Parameters of “Doing Host–Refugee Politics”: The Case of Casamance Refugees in The Gambia 53 Charlotte Ray 4 Betterment Versus Complicity: Struggling with Patron–Client Logics in Sierra Leone 7 7 Anne Menzel v vi CONTENTS 5 K inship Tropes as Critique of Patronage in Postwar Sierra Leone 9 9 William P. Murphy Part II C hallenging Conventions of Explaining and Situating Violent Confl ict 1 23 6 G rand Narratives of Crisis: Customary Confl icts as a Factor in the Liberian Civil War and Implications for Policy 125 David Brown 7 H istoricizing as a Legal Trope of Jeopardy in Asylum Narratives and Expert Testimonies of Gender-Based Violence 1 45 Benjamin N. Lawrance 8 R evisiting Tropes of Environmental and Social Change in Casamance, Senegal 1 69 Martin Evans 9 C asamance Secession: National Narratives of Marginalization and Integration 187 Markus Rudolf Part III ( Re-)Contextualizing Postcolonial Statehood and National Belonging 203 10 Transcending Traditional Tropes: Autochthony as a Discourse of Confl ict and Integration in Postwar Krio/Non-Krio Relations in Sierra Leone 205 Sylvanus Spencer CONTENTS vii 11 Ethnicity as Trope of Political Belonging and Confl ict: Cape Verdean Identity and Agency in Guinea-Bissau 2 23 Christoph Kohl 12 Dynamics in the Host–Stranger Paradigm: The Broker Role of a Latecomer Association in Western Côte d’Ivoire 247 Katharina Heitz Tokpa Part IV ( Re-)Conceptualizing Development and Intervention 269 13 Roads as Imaginary for Employing Idle Youth in the Post-Confl ict Liberian State 2 71 Jairo Munive 14 Tropes, Networks, and Higher Education in Post-Confl ict Sierra Leone: Policy Formation at the University of Makeni 2 91 David O’Kane 15 Bulletproofi ng: Small Arms, International Law, and Spiritual Security in the Gambia 3 09 Niklas Hultin Index 3 31 N C OTES ON ONTRIBUTORS David Brown is a social anthropologist who has worked in Liberia since 1974. His doctoral thesis was on local-level politics in eastern Liberia (Manchester, 1979), and his publications on the country focus on its social and political history from the perspective of indigenous society. From 1996 to 2014, he was a Research Fellow/Senior Research Associate of the Overseas Development Institute, London, specializing in tropical forest policy. He is Associate of the School of Anthropology, University of Oxford. The research on which his chapter is based was funded by an Emeritus Fellowship of the Leverhulme Trust. Martin Evans is Senior Lecturer in International Development at the University of Chester, northwest England. His interests lie principally in rural political and economic geographies in sub-Saharan Africa, particu- larly in confl ict and “post-confl ict” situations. For 16 years this research has focused on Casamance in southern Senegal, scene of West Africa’s longest-running civil confl ict. His current project concerns the complex intersection of environmental and social change in Casamance and its implications for agriculture there. Christian Kordt Højbjerg (1961–2014) was an Associate Professor at the University of Aarhus (Denmark) and, for many years, a member of the research group “Integration and Confl ict Along the Upper Guinea Coast” at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle (Saale), Germany. After studying at the University of Aarhus, Christian did gradu- ate work at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, before obtaining his PhD and his Habilitation in anthropology from the ix x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS University of Copenhagen. His areas of specialization included Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, and Mauritius. Christian published extensively on a range of subjects, including historical memory, ritual and social organization, confl ict and emergent political orders, identity and difference, and the role of refl exivity in shaping both social change and theoretical change. Niklas Hultin is Assistant Director of the Global Affairs Program at George Mason University near Washington, DC. He has conducted research in The Gambia as well as in Nigeria and Senegal on a broad range of human rights, political, and legal issues. His work has appeared in jour- nals such as A merican Ethnologist and A frican Security , and he obtained his PhD in anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and an LLM in Human Rights from Queen’s University Belfast. Jacqueline K nörr is Head of the research group “Integration and Confl ict Along the Upper Guinea Coast” at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and Extraordinary Professor at the Martin Luther University in Halle (Saale), Germany (PhD 1994, Habilitation 2006). She has conducted extensive fi eld research in Indonesia, West Africa, and Central Europe. She has worked as a lecturer, senior researcher, university professor, scientifi c director, consultant, and political advisor. Her research and publications focus on issues of iden- tity, integration, migration, diaspora, language in contexts of diversity, gender, creolization, postcolonial nationalism, and childhood. Christoph Kohl is a Research Fellow at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany, and was a 2005–2010 PhD candidate within the research group “Integration and Confl ict Along the Upper Guinea Coast” at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. He obtained his PhD in 2009 from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg for his the- sis on “Creole Identity, Interethnic Relations, and Postcolonial Nation- Building in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa.” Notable among his publications is “Diverse Unity: Creole Contributions to Interethnic Integration in Guinea-Bissau,” in N ations and Nationalism 18, 643–662 (2012). Benjamin N. Lawrance is Conable Chair in International Studies and Professor of History and Anthropology at the Rochester Institute of Technology. His research interests include traffi cking, citizenship, and asy- lum. His recent books include A mistad’s Orphans (Yale 2014), Adjudicating Refugee and Asylum Status: The Role of Witness, Expertise, NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi and Testimony (Cambridge 2014, with Galya Ruffer), and M arriage by Force? Contestation over Coercion and Consent in Africa (Ohio 2016, with Annie Bunting and Richard L. Roberts). Anaïs Ménard holds an MA from Sciences Po, an MSc from Oxford in African Studies, and a PhD in Social Anthropology from the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. She conducted her PhD research as a member of the research group “Integration and Confl ict Along the Upper Guinea Coast at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, for which she was awarded the prestigious Otto Hahn Medal and Otto Hahn Award of the Max Planck Society. She has studied issues of migra- tion, collective identities, and social confl ict in postwar environments. Her research addresses the changing social relations between internal migrants and local populations in Sierra Leone. Anne Menzel received her PhD from Free University Berlin in 2013, for a dissertation on “unpeaceful relations” in Sierra Leone. Her research interests include the politics of armed groups and everyday life in war, postwar peace-building, humanitarian and development policy and prac- tice, and internationalized power and rule. Anne has been working as a freelance researcher, consultant, and lecturer with various organizations and universities. She currently has a Postdoc position at the Department of Law and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. Jairo Munive is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Peace, Risk and Violence Unit, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. He has published in the J ournal of Agrarian Change , Confl ict Security and Development , F orced Migration Review , and International Peacekeeping . William P . M urphy is a Research Affi liate in the Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University. His early ethnographic research in Liberia focused on the sociopolitical hierarchies legitimated by privi- leged knowledge and secrecy. Subsequent fi eldwork in Sierra Leone focused on the language and strategies of chiefl y political succession. Current research combines organizational theory and Peircean semiotic theory of meaning-making to understand the political strategies and ide- ologies of violence and civil war, using case material from Liberia and Sierra Leone.
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