Politics among nations : the struggle for power and peace PDF
Preview Politics among nations : the struggle for power and peace
POLITICS AMONG NATIONS The Struggle For Power And Peace Soc Epirion Hans J. Morgenthau Late Albert A. Michelson Distinguished Service Professor of Poletical Science and Modern History at the University of Chicago and Late Director of the Center for the Study of American Foreign Policy at the University of Chicago Revised by Kenneth W. Thompson Director, Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia Peking University Press Beijing Preface ‘Asa gimduate student at the University of Chicago following World War I, 1 hhad the privilege of serving ox Professor Morgenthav’s research assistant, Later we joined in the preparstion of 2 book of text and readings entitled Principles and Problems of International Politics. He was primarily responsi- ble for my returning to the university im the early 1060s as « member of the Department of Political Science. When it was agreed I should edit a festsch- rift in his honor, we worked together in identifying former students, col- leagues, and friends especially funiliar with his writings. In later years when our professional responsibilities brought us together in New York, we bad frequent contacts and long discussions. As a member of several advisory com mittees, he contributed significantly to the programs of the Rockefeller Foun- dation for which I worked. A few weeke before he died he presented a paper on the presidency and foreign policy at a Miller Center conference at the University of Virginia. On a personal as well as a profestionel level, our friendship and intellectual collaboration continued untit hie last days. ‘Our close association hae raade the preperation of a sixth edition of hix classic work, Politics Among Nations, both simpler and more difficult, On the one hand, i have kept myself reasonably familiar with the evolution af his thought from the publication of Solemtific Man os. Power Polistes to the review after his death of certain unpublished essays. When Bertrand W. Lummus, Senior Editor of the College Department of McGraw-Hill, invited me to prepare a new edition of Folitice, I felt confident that I possessed the neces sary knowledge for the task. On’ the other hand, upon undertaking the revi- sion and reviewing Professor Morgenthau's last writings, 1 discovered impor tant new developments in tho final stages of his work of which I had not known, It would bave been surprising if this had not been true, for he took as his guiding principle not the defense of an intellectual position but “the quest for truth.” In keeping with my discovery of the continuous unfolding af his thought, [have attempted in this edition to let Morgenthau speak for himeelf when- HW Peeface ever possible, Thaoks to the cooperation of his children, Susanna and Mat- thew, my assistant and I have had acoses ta his papers on deposit at Alderinan Library at the University of Virginia, Mr. Peter Gellman has been tireless in Joining me in the search for further writings, whether published or unpub- Ushed, that touched on the most urgent problems confronting mankind in the, Inte 1970s and 1980s, In his preface to the Afth edition, revised, Morgenthau wrote of that edition’s continuing “in an organic and almost inevitable fuhion the work of the preceding editions.” Ever mindful of the fact that his great work has hed an integrity throughout successive editions, I have undertaken to preserve it in ways that would have been impossible without the vse of his own writings. I have also consulted his draft manuscripts, letters to editors, ‘and profersional correspondence. ‘At the same time, the fifth edition has hud to be updated and revised to reflect changes that have accurred since Professor Morgenthau's death. Mr. Gollan and I have sought to substitute factual information and data wher- ever required while recognizing that even as we worked, the tides of history were making obsolete some of our evidence on tupics like population, indus- trial production, decisions of the laternational Court of Justice, and’ actions by the United Nations. On subjects such as human rights, détente, und the nuclear problem, T have made substantial revisions—Iintraducing wherever possible fgments of Morgenthau’s own writings. Because his mind was so creative and subtle, ao woukl-be lternry executor can declare with certainty that Morgenthau would have formulated his views and presented them in precisely the coatext in which they are put forward here. I can oaly affirm that T have tried to be faithful to hin philosophy aud to his views on problems and policies as I understood them. Charlottesville, Virginia Kenneth W. Thompson Contents PART ONE Theory and Practice of International Politics LA Realist Theory of International Politics SIX PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL REALISM 2 The Sctence of International Politics UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Different Approaches Linwtations to Understanding UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE PART TWO International Politics as « Struggle for Power 3 Political Power WHAT IS POLITICAL POWER? ‘As Means to the Nation's Ends Iu Nature: Four Distinetions TRE DEPRECIATION OF POLITICAL POWER TWO ROOTS OF THE DEPRECIATION OF POLITICAL POWER ‘Nineteenth-Contury Philosophy ‘The American Exparimoe THE SCIENCE OF PEACE: CONTEMPORARY UTOPIANISM 4 The Struggle for Fuwer: Policy of the Status Qno 5 The Struggle for Powar: Zmperiatiam WHAT IMPERIALISM IS NOT ECONOMIC THEORIES OF IMPERIALISM. ‘The Marxist, Liberst, and “Devil” Theories of Imperialism Criticism of Thase Theories 8 SRSSs FARRAR SeeeS fe Contents DIFFERENT TYPES OF IMPERIALISM Three Inducements to Imperialism Victorlous War Lon War Weakners ‘Throa Goals of Imperialism World Empire Continental Exgrire Local Preponderance ‘Three Methods of Imperialist How TO DETECT AND COUNTER AN IMPERIALISTIC ROLICY ‘The Problem of Policy: Containment, Appeasement, Fear ‘The Problem of Detection The Struggle for Power: Policy of Prestige DIPLOMATIC CEREMONIAL DISPLAY OF MILITARY FORCE TWO OBJECTIVES OF THE POLICY OF PRESTIGE THREE CORRUFTIONS OF THE POLICY OF PRESTIGE ‘The Ideological Element in International Policies THE NATURE OF POLITICAL IOOLOCIES TYPICAL, IDEOLOGIES OF FOREIGN POLICIES Ideologies of the States Quo Wdealogies of Imperialism ‘Ambiguous Ideologies ‘THE PROBLEM OF RECOGNITION PART THREE ‘National Power 8 ‘The Ensence of National Power WHAT IS NATIONAL POWER? ROOTS OF MODERN NATIONALISM ‘Retreat from Natioaslism: Apparent and Real Personal Insecurity aad Social Disintegration Element of National Power (GROGRAPHY NATURAL RESOURCES RIBIITISSANYS € S88 RAN Contents © INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY 136 MILITARY PREPAREDNESS 139 ‘Technology 439 Leadership iat Quantity and Quality of Armed Force a8 POPULATION reo Distribution ag Teends rr NATIONAL CHARACTER 1a ts Existence 146 ‘The Russian National Character 18 National Chameter and National Power 152 NATIONAL MORALE 153 Its Instability 232 ‘The Quality of Society ond Government ax Decisive Factors 155 THE QUALITY OF DIPLOMACY 138 THE QUALITY OF GOVERNMENT 16% ‘Tha Problem of Balance Between Hasaurces aud Policy 162 ‘The Problem of Balance Among Resources 16a ‘The Problem of Popular Support 164 Domestic Government and Foreiga Policy 108 10 Evaluation of National Power: 170 THE TASK OF EVALUATION 470 TYPICAL ERRORS OF EVALUATION 14 ‘The Absolute Character of Power ra ‘The Permanent Character of Power 16 ‘The Fallacy of the Single Factor 178 Geopalisice 178 ‘Naxionaltem ms Mildariem 18t PART FOUR ‘Limitations of National Power: The Balance of Power 188 11 The Balance of Power 387 SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM 187 Balanoe of Power as Universal Concept 187 Balance of Power in Domestic Politics 139 ‘TWO MAIN PATTERNS OF THE BALANCE OF POWER 198 ‘The Battern of Direct Opposition 98 ‘The Pattern of Competition 106 Korea and the Balance af Power 198 12 Different Methods of the Balance of Power 198 DIVIDE AND RULE 198 COMPENSATIONS 19 ARMAMENTS 200 13 “a ef Contents ALLIANCES “The General Nature of Alliances Alliances ve. Warld Darnination Alliances vs. Counteralliances ‘THE “HOLDER” OF THE BALANCE. ‘The Structure of the Balance of Fewer DOMINANT AND DEPENDENT SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THE BALANCE OF POWER Evaluation of the Balance of Power THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE BALANCE OF POWER THE UNREALITY OF THE BALANCE OF POWER ‘The Balance of Power at Ideology THE INADEQUACY OF THE BALANCE OF POWER Restralning Influence of a Moral Consensus Maral Consensus of the Modarn Stata Syatam PART FIVE 5 6 wr ‘National Power: International Morality tad World Babie Opinion ‘Morslity, Mores, and Law as Restratuts on Power International Morality THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN LIFE ‘Protection of Human Life in Pesce Protection of Human Life in War Moral Condemnation of War International Morality and Total War UNIVERSAL MORALITY VS. NATIONALISTIC ‘UNIVERSALISM. Personal Ethict of the Arlstocratic International Destruction of Internationa’ Morality ‘Destruction of International Society Victory of Nationalism Over internationalism ‘Transformation of Nationalism Human Rights and [nternationsl Morality ‘World Public Opinion PSYCHOLOGICAL UNITY OF THE WORLD AMBIGUITY OF TECHNOLOGICAL UNIFICATION THE BARRIER OF NATIONALISM PART SIX ‘Limitations of National Power: International Law ‘The Main Problems of International Law THE GENERAL NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW S2E8S SRREER EE 83 B BEES ze - Contents it THE LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Tia Decentralized Character Interpretation and Binding Force THE JUDICIAL FUNCTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW ‘Compulsory Jurisdlction The Optional Clowe International Courts The Bffoct of Judictal Decisions THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Itt Decentrolized Character au ‘Treaties of Guaranty Collective Security Article 15 of the Coosnant of the Laague of Nations Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations The Vero The "Uniting for Peace” Resolution SESSgeee8 19 Sovereignty THE GENERAL NATURE OF SOVEREIGNTY SYNONYMS OF SOVEREIGNTY: INDEPENDENCE, EQUALITY, UNANIMITY WHAT SOVERBIGNTY [§ NOT HOW SOVEREIGNTY IS LOST ‘Majority Vote fn International Organizations 18 SOVEREIGNTY DIVISIBLE? SESke E8 SReSES PART SEVEN International Politics in the Contenyrorary World 20 The New Maral Foree of Nationalistic Universalism NATIONALISM, OLD AND NEW THE STRUGGLE FOR THE MINDS OF MEN THREE PRINCIPLES OF PROPAGANDA 21 The New Balance of Power INFLEXIBILITY OF THE NEW BALANCE OF POWER ‘Numerical Reduction of Groot Powers ‘The Bipolarity of Power ‘Tha Tendency Toward a Two-Bloo System DISAPPEARANCE OF THE BALANCER ‘The Problem of « “Ehird Force” DISAPPEARANCE OF THE COLONIAL FRONTIER, THE COLONIAL REVOLUTION THE DECLINE OF THE WEST POTENTIALITIES OF THE BIPOLAH SYSTEM ‘The Possibility of Its Breakup Continuation of the Cold War ‘The New Diplomacy of Movernent Détente and Peaceful Co-Existenoe ESHSSHSRRERRESE EERE § eM Content Total War WAR OF TOTAL POPULATIONS WAR BY TOTAL POPULATIONS. WAR AGAINST TOTAL POPULATIONS. THE MECHANIZATION OF WARFARE ‘The Mechanization of Weapons ‘The Mechantzation of Transportation and Coumunicetions WAR FOR TOTAL STAKES TOTAL MECHANIZATION, TOTAL WAR, AND TOTAL DOMINION PART EIGHT The Problem of Peace: Peace Through Limitation Disarmament THE PROBLEM OF PEACK IN OUR TIME HISTORY OF DISARMAMENT ‘The Failures ‘The Succesren FOUR PROBLEMS OF DISAHMAMENT ‘The Ratio ‘The Rush-Bagat Agreement, the Washington Treaty, and the Anglo-German Naval Agrsenuant The World Disarmament Ce Disarmament Negotiations Since the Second World Wer Standards of Allocation Does Disarmament Mean Reduction of Armaments? ‘Does Disarmament Mews Peace? ARMS CONTROL IN THE NUCLEAR AGE Secarity COLLECTIVE SECURITY ‘The Ttalo-Ethiopian Wor ‘The Korean War AN INTERNATIONAL POLICE FORCE Jedicial Settlement THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL FUNCTION THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS: TENSIONS AND DISPUTES Pore Disputes Disputes with the Substance af a Tension ‘Disputes Representing « Tension LIMITATIONS OF THE JUDICIAL FUNCTION Peaceful Change FEACEFUL CHANGE WITHIN THE STATE PEACEFUL CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS ‘Article 19 of the Covenant of the League of Nations ‘The Charter of the United Nations & PSS8eee SSSS8 BARRE BB ARAES SHNDSEE . Contents 27 International Government THE HOLY ALLIANCE History ‘Government by the Great Powers Dual Meaning of the Status Quo Peace, Order, and the National Interest The Concert of Europe THE LEAGUE, OF NATIONS ‘Organization Dual Musning of ths Status Quo: France vi. Great Britain ‘Three Wesknesses of the League of Nations Constituttonal Weakness Structural Weakness PoHtical Woakners 28 Imernational Government: The United Nations THE UNITED NATIONS ACCORDING TO THE CHARTER ‘Government by Superpawers Undefined Principles of Justice THE UNITED NATIONS—POLITICAL REALITY The Rise und Decline of the General Assembly New Procedures THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE FROBLEM OF PEACE PART NINE The Problom of Peace: Peace Through Transfarmation 29 The World State CONDITIONS OF DOMESTIC PEACE Supraectional Loyalties Expectation of Justice Overwhelming Power ‘The Role of the State THE PROBLEM OF THE WORLD STATE ‘Two Schools of Thought ‘Tho Triple Test of Popular Support TWO FALSE SOLUTIONS ‘World Conquest ‘The Examples of Switzerland and the United States 30 The World Community THE CULTURAL APPROACH: UNESCO. Galtural Development and Peace Cultural Unity and Pesce International Understanding and Peace THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH “The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations ‘The North Attantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ‘The European Communities Agencies for Economie and Technical Assistance SEREEEES BSSSRESSRRTASS SEBRSRSERE BQREEREERERR B
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