Political Theory: An Introduction PDF
Preview Political Theory: An Introduction
Political Theory BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd ii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0000::5566 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk This page is intentionally left blank. BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0022 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk Political Theory An Introduction Edited by Rajeev Bhargava Ashok Acharya BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiiiii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0022 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk Copyright © Rajeev Bhargava and Ashok Acharya, 2008 Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 9788131706251 eISBN 9788131775875 Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iivv 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk Contents Preface xi PART – I WHAT IS POLITICAL THEORY AND WHY DO WE NEED IT? 1. What Is Political Theory? | Rajeev Bhargava 2 Introduction 3 What Is Theory 5 The Distinctiveness of Theory? 8 Cosomologies and Common Sense 12 What Is Political? 14 Points for Discussion 16 2. Why Do We Need Political Theory? | Rajeev Bhargava 18 Introduction 19 The Big Questions of Human Life 19 The Emergence of Western Modernity 21 Explaining Human and Non-human Nature 21 Understanding Humans 23 The Difference Between the Human and Non-human Worlds 23 Decline of Political Theory? 27 Types of Political Theories 29 Little Theories, Grand Theories 31 Cosmologies and Political Theory 33 History of Political Thought and Political Theory 34 Points for Discussion 36 BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vv 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk vi CONTENTS PART – II CONCEPTS 3. Liberty | V. Sriranjani 40 Introduction 41 Meaning 41 Evolution of the Concept 41 Classifi cation: Negative and Positive Liberty 48 Liberty and Other Concepts 52 The Concept of Liberty in India 54 Points for Discussion 57 4. Equality | Ashok Acharya 58 Introduction 59 Evolution of the Concept 60 Why Equalize? 65 Equality of What? 66 In Conclusion: The Politics of Equality 72 Points for Discussion 72 5. Justice | Krishna Menon 74 Introduction 75 The Issue of Distributive Justice 76 Procedural Justice 77 John Rawls: Justice as Fairness 78 Limitations of Rawls’ Theory of Justice 80 Communitarian Critique 81 Feminist Critique 82 Justice, Capabilities, and Freedom: Amartya Sen’s Extension of John Rawls’ Theory of Justice 83 End-State Theories 84 Feminist Accounts of Justice 85 Conclusion 86 Points for Discussion 86 6. Rights | Papiya Sengupta Talukdar 88 Introduction 89 The Idea of Rights 89 Theories of Rights 93 Human Rights 98 Some Recent Debates on Rights 99 Conclusion 104 Points for Discussion 104 BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vvii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk CONTENTS vii 7. Democracy | Janaki Srinivasan 106 Introduction 107 The Concept 107 Direct Participatory Democracy 109 Liberal Democracy 111 Objections to Democracy 116 Perspectives on Democracy 118 Key Debates in Democratic Theory 124 Conclusion 128 Points for Discussion 128 8. Citizenship | Anupama Roy 130 Introduction 131 What Do We Mean by Citizenship? 131 Historical Development of the Concept of Citizenship 132 T. H. Marshall: Equal and Universal Citizenship 137 Limits of Liberal Citizenship: Uniformity and Generality 138 The Search for Alternatives 139 New Contexts and Changing Concerns: Multiculturalism and Globalization 141 Conclusion 146 Points for Discussion 146 9. Power | Nivedita Menon 148 Introduction 149 Conceptions of Power 149 Power as Exploitation 151 Authority, Legitimacy and Hegemony 152 Feminist Theories of Power 154 Foucault on Power 155 Conclusion 157 Points for Discussion 157 10. Sovereignty | Krishna Menon 158 Introduction 159 Historical Evolution of Sovereignty 159 Theories of Sovereignty 160 The Changing World and the Concept of Sovereignty 165 Conclusion 168 Points for Discussion 168 11. State | Swaha Das 170 Introduction 171 What Is the State? 171 BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk viii CONTENTS The Modern State 172 What the State Is Not: Civil Society and the Nation 175 Justifying the State 176 Human Nature 176 The State of Nature and the Social Contract 177 Utilitarianism 178 The Neutral State: Liberalism 178 The Class State: Marxism 179 The Patriarchal State: Feminism 183 Governmentality: Foucault on the State 183 Recent Debates: Challenges to the Sovereignty of the State 184 Points for Discussion 186 12. Civil Society | Mohinder Singh 188 Introduction 189 Historical Evolution of the Idea of Civil Society 190 Civil Society in Early Liberal Political Theory 190 Rise of Political Economy and the Enlightenment Concept of Civil Society 193 Critiques of the Enlightenment Concept of Civil Society 196 Contemporary Revival of the Concept of Civil Society 199 Civil Society in the Post-colonial Context 200 Modernity and Civil Society in Post-colonial States: Critical Issues 201 Conclusion 204 Points for Discussion 204 13. Property | Mohinder Singh 206 Introduction 207 The Extent and Limits of Property Rights 207 The Concept of Property in Political Theory 208 Property in Ancient and Medieval Political Thought 208 Modernity and the Concept of Property 210 Developments in the 20th Century: Socialism, Welfarism, Libertarianism 218 Gender and Property Rights: Feminist Perspectives on the Concept of Property 220 Points for Discussion 222 14. Gender | Nivedita Menon 224 Introduction 225 Sex Is to Nature as Gender Is to Culture 225 Male/Female in the Non-West 227 Developments in the Sex/Gender Distinction in Feminist Theory 228 Masculinity 232 Points for Discussion 233 BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiiiii 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk CONTENTS ix PART – III IDEOLOGIES 15. Liberalism | Ashok Acharya 236 Introduction 237 A Brief History 237 Classical Liberalism 238 Contemporary Liberalism 240 The Foundations of Liberalism 241 Conclusion 242 Points for Discussion 242 16. Socialism | Sunalini Kumar 244 Introduction 245 Responses to Inequality 245 The Problem: Capitalism 246 The Socialist Alternative 248 Socialist Schemes: Old and New 251 Conclusion 255 Points for Discussion 256 17. Nationalism | Sunalini Kumar 258 Introduction 259 The History of an Idea 260 Non-European Nationalism 264 Theoretical Questions 265 Analysis and Critique 268 Conclusion: The Future of an Idea 269 Points for Discussion 271 18. Secularism | Rajeev Bhargava 274 Introduction 275 Secularism: The Broad Defi nition 275 Political Secularism 276 Crisis for Secular States 281 Theocracy, States with Established Religions and Secular States: A Normative Comparison 282 An Alternative Conception: Indian Secularism 288 Is Secularism a Christian and Western Doctrine? 295 Conclusion 296 Points for Discussion 297 PART – IV POLITICAL ARGUMENTS 19. Affi rmative Action | Ashok Acharya 298 Introduction 299 BBhhaarrggaavvaa~~0000__PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iixx 44//3300//22000088 1111::0011::0033 AAMM PPrroocceessss BBllaacckk
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