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POLITICAL THEORY Also by Andrew Heywood POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES: An Introduction POLITICS KEY CONCEPTS IN POLITICS Political Theory An Introduction Third Edition Andrew Heywood #AndrewHeywood1994,1999,2004 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionof thispublicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedor transmittedsavewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewith theprovisionsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988, orunderthetermsofanylicencepermittinglimitedcopying issuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,90TottenhamCourt Road,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothis publicationmaybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivil claimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firsteditionpublished1994underthetitle PoliticalIdeasandConcepts:AnIntroduction Reprintedfivetimes Secondeditionpublished1999 Thirdeditionpublished2004 Publishedby PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. MacmillanisaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN0–333–96179–X hardback ISBN0–333–96180–3 paperback AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 PrintedandboundinChina For Kate, Roger, Elsie and Stan . . . the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. George Orwell, ‘Politics and the English Language’ If one listens one may be convinced; and a man who allows himself to be convinced by an argument is a thoroughly unreasonable person. Oscar Wilde, An Ideal Husband ‘When I use a word,’ Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to mean. Neither more or less.’ ‘The question is,’ said Alice, ‘whether you can make words mean so many different things.’ ‘The question is,’ said Humpty Dumpty, ‘who is the master. That is all.’ Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland Contents List of Boxes xii Preface to the third edition xv 1 Introduction: Concepts and Theories in Politics 1 Language and politics 2 Understanding political concepts 3 What is political theory? 6 Political theory in the twenty-first century 11 Summary 14 Further reading 14 2 Human Nature, the Individual and Society 15 Human nature 16 Nature versus nurture 17 Intellect versus instinct 20 Competition versus cooperation 23 The individual 26 Individualism 27 Individual and community 32 The individual in politics 37 Society 40 Collectivism 41 Theories of society 43 Social cleavages and identity 45 Summary 50 Further reading 50 3 Politics, Government and the State 51 Politics 52 The art of government 52 Public affairs 55 Power and resources 59 Government 65 Why have government? 66 Governments and governance 68 Political systems 73 vii viii Contents The state 75 Government and the state 75 Theories of state 78 Role of the state 85 Summary 88 Further reading 88 4 Sovereignty, the Nation and Supranationalism 89 Sovereignty 90 Legal and political sovereignty 90 Internal sovereignty 92 External sovereignty 95 The nation 97 Cultural and political nations 98 Nationalism and cosmopolitanism 101 Nation-states and globalization 106 Supranationalism 109 Intergovernmentalism 110 Federalism and federations 113 Prospects of world government 116 Summary 119 Further reading 120 5 Power, Authority and Legitimacy 121 Power 122 Decision-making 123 Agenda-setting 125 Thought control 127 Authority 129 Power and authority 131 Kinds of authority 133 Defenders and detractors 136 Legitimacy 141 Constitutionalism and consent 143 Ideological hegemony 145 Legitimation crises 147 Summary 150 Further reading 151 Contents ix 6 Law, Order and Justice 152 Law 153 The rule of law 153 Natural and positive law 156 Law and liberty 159 Order 162 Discipline and control 163 Natural harmony 167 Justifying punishment 169 Justice 173 Procedural justice 174 Substantive justice 176 Justifying law-breaking? 178 Summary 183 Further reading 183 7 Rights, Obligations and Citizenship 184 Rights 185 Legal and moral rights 185 Human rights 188 Animal and other rights? 191 Obligations 196 Contractual obligations 198 Natural duty 200 Limits of political obligation 202 Citizenship 204 Elements of citizenship 204 Social or active citizenship? 209 Universal citizenship and diversity 213 Summary 218 Further reading 219 8 Democracy, Representation and the Public Interest 220 Democracy 221 Direct and indirect democracy 221 Liberal democracy 225 Virtues and vices of democracy 229