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Political Systems of East Asia (cid:84)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:115)(cid:32)(cid:112)(cid:97)(cid:103)(cid:101)(cid:32)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:101)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:108)(cid:121)(cid:32)(cid:108)(cid:101)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:32)(cid:98)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:107) www.ebook3000.com Political Systems of East Asia China, Korea, and Japan Louis D. Hayes (cid:77) An East Gate Book (cid:77) An East Gate Book Consulting Editor: Doug Merwin First published 2012 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa busin ess Copyright © 2012 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher s. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwi se, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ide as contained in the material herei n. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience a nd knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they shou ld be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibilit y. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, an d are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infring e. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hayes, Louis D. Political systems of East Asia : China, Korea, and Japan / by Louis D. Hayes. p. cm. “An East Gate Book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-1785-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7656-1786-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. East Asia—Politics and government. 2. Confucianism and state—East Asia. 3. Comparative government. I. Title. JQ1499.A58H39 2008 320.95—dc22 2008011299 ISBN 13: 9780765617866 (pbk ) ISBN 13: 9780765617859 (hbk ) www.ebook3000.com Contents Preface ix Introduction xi Map of the Region xv Part I. China 1. The Confucian Tradition 3 Confucius and the Chinese Way 3 Science and Technology 8 The Imperial Chinese State 10 Political History 12 2. China and the West 16 The Taiping Rebellion and Other Uprisings 20 Modernization and Reform 22 The First Sino-Japanese War 23 The Boxer Rebellion and the Collapse of Imperial China 24 The Twenty-one Demands 25 3. Revolution 27 The Chinese Brand of Communism 31 The Rise of the CCP 35 China and World War II 37 The People’s Republic of China 40 4. Maoism 43 Class Struggle 46 The Role of Force 47 The Nature of Revolution 48 The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 49 The Role of the Party 51 Isolationism 52 Mao and Confucianism 53 The Post-Mao Era 54 v vi CONTENTS 5. China After Mao 55 The Military 57 The Party 59 The Legislative Branch 60 The Executive Branch 62 The Legal System 63 6. Contemporary Issues 69 Population 69 Education 72 Economic Policy 73 The Minority Question 76 Foreign Relations 78 Part II. Korea 7. In the Shadow of China 83 China’s Continuing Dominance 84 The Pervasive Influence of Confucianism 86 Isolation and Domination 87 8. Korea and Imperialism 89 Korea’s Vulnerable Geographic Position 89 Japan’s Annexation of Korea 90 Korea Under Japanese Rule 91 9. Partition and War 94 Great Power Diplomacy 95 Military Occupation 100 The Korean War 103 Armistice 105 10. Korea and the Cold War 108 Syngman Rhee, 1875–1965 108 U.S.–South Korean Relations 113 11. The Hermit Kingdom 116 Kim Il Sung, 1912–1994 116 Political Reforms 118 Kim Jong Il, 1941–2011 121 North Korea’s Development Prospects 122 North Korea’s Nuclear Program 124 Reunification 129 www.ebook3000.com CONTENTS vii 12. Asian Tiger 131 Postwar Governments 131 The Political System 135 The South Korean Economy 138 U.S.–South Korean Security Relations 138 Part III. Japan 13. Japan in Isolation 143 The Influence of China 143 The Three Shogunates 144 The Rise of the Imperial System 148 14. Japan and the World 149 The End of Seclusion 149 The Meiji Restoration 151 The Advent of Imperial Japan 152 The Rise of Totalitarianism 155 15. Japan at War 160 Collision Course 160 Confrontation in China 161 The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 164 The Tripartite Pact 166 Aftermath of the War 168 16. The Japanese Miracle 172 The Post–World War II Economy 173 Employment and Compensation Systems 176 The Export Economy 178 Boom and Bust 179 17. Government and Politics 182 The Legislative System 182 The Prime Minister and the Cabinet 185 The Bureaucracy 185 The Legal System 187 The Political Party System 190 The Liberal Democratic Party 191 The Japan Socialist Party 192 The Clean Government Party 194 viii CONTENTS The Japan Communist Party 194 The Democratic Party of Japan 195 Toward a Two-Party System? 197 18. Contemporary Issues 198 Population 198 Education 199 Environmental Issues 202 Foreign Relations 202 Relations with Neighbors 203 Relations with the United States 206 Appendices Appendix 1 The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China 211 Appendix 2 The Constitution of the Republic of Korea 227 Appendix 3 The Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 230 Appendix 4 The Constitution of Japan 235 Notes 239 Index 259 About the Author 272 www.ebook3000.com Preface Perhaps more than any other part of the world, East Asia has experienced conflict, turmoil, and transformation over the past century and a half. The dynamism of the area continues today, taking on new and unforeseen patterns. This introduction is intended to acquaint the reader with the basic elements of the East Asian political experience, including not only current developments but also a brief historical review. China, Korea, and Japan differ in many ways, but the relevance of Con- fucianism, not only to China but to Korea and Japan as well, is felt even today despite revolution, economic development, and war, both hot and cold. The experience with imperialism is another common theme. Yet another is the impact of World War II, the consequences of which were of enormous significance for all three. There are two distinctive features of twentieth-century East Asia. One is Japan’s rapid ascendancy and pivotal role in the region. Another is the perhaps even more spectacular rise of contemporary China. Japan’s preeminence generated considerable interest in its approaches to economic development, education, and law enforcement, among other things. It was also an imperial power, leaving its mark especially on Korea. As for Korea, the North has been mired for decades in an authoritarian system with a dilapidated economy. South Korea has recently entered upon a democratic political path with significant economic growth. And China’s revolutionary period, while important, is receding into the past. Neither China nor North Korea has been a major player in international relations until recently. South Korea and Japan were, and still are, important fixtures in the American strategic system and thus played supportive roles in the Cold War. China, Korea, and Japan differ in many ways, but in discussing them here I have tried to maintain a consistent format and cover similar topics. The section on Japan draws from my Introduction to Japanese Politics, 5th ed. (2009), and Japan and the Security of Asia (2001). I wish to acknowledge the help of student assistants Kimberley Han- non, Ryan Swantner, and William Stodden. Also, the advice and guidance provided by Makiko Parsons and Doug Merwin of M.E. Sharpe have been invaluable. ix