Political Science: A Comparative Introduction

383 Pages·2016·4.52 MB·English

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) Political Science
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COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLmCS SERIES
PIJbiWt«d
Moura Adshtad and jonathan Tonge
PoUtics in Ireland
Rudy Andeweg and Ga~n A. Irwin
Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th edition)
Tim Bale
European Politics: A Comparatiw Introduction (3rd edition)
Nigel Bowles and Robert K McMahon
Government and Politics of the United States (3rd edition)
Paul Brooker
Non-Democratic Regimes (3rd edition)
Kris Oe.sctlouwer
The PoUtlcs of Belgium: Governing a Divided Society (Znd edition)
Robert Elgie
Political LeadttShlp In Uberal Democr.rdes
Rod Hague, Martln Harrop and Jom McComlick
• Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction (10th edition)
Paul Heywood
The Government and Politics of Spain
Xiaoming Huang
Politics In Pacific Asia
B. Cuy Peters
Comparative Politics: Theories and Methods
[Rights: World excluding North America)
Tony Saleh
Governance and Politics of China (4th edition)
Eric Shiraev
Russian Government and Politics (Znd edition)
AnneStewnS
Government and PoUtlcs of france (3rd edition)
Ramesh Thakur
The GoverT~~Mnt and Politics of India
forthcomlnt
Tim Haughton
Government and Politics of Central and Eastern Europe
• Published In North America as Political Science:A Comparative lntroductiOfl (8th edition)
Comparative Government and PoUtics
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Rod Hague
Martin Harrop
John McCormick
palgrave
l~=~~
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0 Jolin McCormick 2016
o Martin Harrop 2013
o Rod Haauo and Mattin Harrop 2001. 2004, 2001,2010
0 Rod Haauo. Martin Harrop. and Shaun Breslin 1992, 1998
AI tights restiWd. No reproduaion. copy or transmission of this
publication may be made withoot written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted
~ve with W'ritten permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any Utence
permitting Umlted copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.
Saffron House. 6-10 Kirby Street. London EC1 N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in retation to this pubLication
may be Uabte to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damageJ.
The authors: have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Firn edition 1992
Second edition 1998
Third edition 2001
Fourth edition 2004
Filth edition 2007
SOOh edition 2004
~nth edldon 2013
Published by
PALCRAVE
Patgrave Maonlllan In tt\e US is a dWision of StMartin's Press UC,
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1 Key concepts 1
2 The state 19
3 Democratic rule 37
4 Authoritarian rule 56
5 Theoretical approaches 73
6 Comparing government and politics 90
7 Constitutions and courts 108
8 Leg isI a tu res 127
9 Executives 145
10 Bureaucracies 162
11 Sub-national government 181
12 Political culture 200
13 Political participation 216
14 Political communication 233
15 Political parties 251
16 Elections 269
17 Voters 286
18 Interest groups 304
19 Public policy 324
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Illustrations and features viii 5 Theoretical approaches 73
Preface xii Theoretical approaches: an overview 74
Guide to learning features xiv The changing face of comparative
Guide to spotlight feature xvi politics 74
Guide to the website xvii The institutional approach 77
The behavioural approach 81
The structural approach 82
Key concepts 1 The rational choice approach 84
Key concepts: an overview 2 The interpretive approach 85
Government and governance 2
Politics 6 6 Comparing government
Power 8 and politics 90
Comparing government and politics:
The state, authority, and legitimacy 9
Ideology 10 an overview 91
Comparative politics 12 Comparative research methods 91
Classifying political systems 13 Case study method 92
Qualitative method 95
Quantitative method 96
2 The state 19
The challenges of comparison 99
The state: an overview 20
What is a state? 20 Historical method 103
Emergenc.e of the state system 23
The expansion of states 24 7 Constitutions and courts 108
The diversity of states 26 Constitutions and courts: an
Nations and nationalism 29 overview 109
Challenges to the state 31 The character of constitutions 109
The durability of constitutions 111
The role of courts 113
3 Democratic rule 37
Judicial activism 118
Democratic rule: an overview 38
Judicial independence and
Direct democracy 38
recruitment 119
Representative democracy 41
Systems of law 121
Liberal democracy 43
Constitutions and courts in
Democracy and modernization 48
authoritarian states 123
Waves of democracy 49
Democratization 51
8 legislatures 127
Legislatures: an overview 128
4 Authoritarian rule 56
Functions 128
Authoritarian rule: an overview 57
Structure 133
Hybrid regimes 57
Members 139
Authoritarian regimes 59
legislatures in authoritarian states 141
Forms of authoritarian rule 61
The POlitical impact of corruption 70
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DETAILED CONTENTS vii
9 Executives 145 Recent trends 1n polit1cal
Executives: an overview 146 communication 240
Pres1dent1al executives 148 Comparif19 med1a outlets 244
Parl1amentary executives 150 Political commumcatJon 10
Semi-presidential executives 154 authoritarian states 246
Execut1ves in authontarian states 158
15 Political parties 251
10 Bureaucracies 162 Political parties: an overv1ew 252
Bureaucracies: an overview 163 Origins and roles 252
Evolution 163 Party systems 253
Organization 166 Party organization 257
Recruitment 171 Party membership 261
New public management 174 Party finance 262
E-government 176 Political parties in authontarian states 263
Bureaucracies in authoritarian states 177
16 Elections 269
11 Sub-national government 181 Elections: an overview 270
Sub-nat1onal government an Electing legislatures 270
overv1ew 182 Elect.ng presidents 276
Multilevel governance 182 Election campaigns 278
Unitary systems 184 Referendums, imtiatives. and recalls 280
Federal systems 186 Elections in authoritarian states 282
Companng unitary and federal
systems 191 17 Voters 286
Local government 192 Voters: an overview 287
Sub-national government in Party identification 287
authoritarian states 196 How voters choose 289
Voter turnout 297
12 Political culture 200 Voters in authoritanan states 299
Political culture: an overview 201
The c1vic culture 201 18 Interest groups 304
Political trust and social cap1tal 203 Interest groups: an overv1ew 305
Elite political culture 205 Types of interest group 305
Post-materialism 206 The dynamics of 1nterest groups 308
Huntington's Clash of Civilizations 210 Channels of influence 311
Political culture in authoritarian states 212 Ingredients of influence 314
Social movements 317
13 Political participation 216 Interest groups in authoritarian states 320
Political participation: an overview 217
Who participates. and why? 217 19 Public policy 324
Public opinion 221 Public policy: an overview 325
Women and political participation 224 Models of the policy process 325
Participation in authoritarian states 228 The policy cycle 328
Policy diffusion and convergence 335
14 Political communication 233 Public policy 1n authoritarian states 338
Political communication: an overview 234
Med1a development 234 References 342
Media 1nfluence 238 Index 359
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Spotlights 8.2 The pros and cons of term limits 141
9.1 The separation of powers 149
9.2 Heads of state in parliamentary
Nigeria 4 systems 155
European Union 32 10.1 The pros and cons of outsourcing
India 46 government work 170
Ch1na 66 10.2 Keeping bureaucrats accountable 175
South Afr1ca 116 11.1 The motives behind creating
Umted K1ngdom 138
federations 189
Brazil 146 11.2 The government of cities 193
Japan 172 12.1 Elazar's three types of poht1cal
France 194
culture 202
Germany 208 12.2 Political generations 207
Russia 226 13.1 The consumer as political participant 220
Venezuela 242 13.2 The problem of the uninformed
Mexico 264
citizen 223
United States 274 14.1 Comparing media structures 245
Iran 296 14.2 Online interaction and the
Egypt 316 Arab Spring 248
Sweden 334 15.1 The rise of niche parties 258
15.2 The pros and cons of public funding
for political parties 263
Focus
16.1 Who should be allowed to vote? 273
16.2 Electoral messages and mandates 279
1.1 Hobbes's case for government 3 17.1 Are voters rational? 293
1.2 Two options for classifying political 17.2 The pros and cons of compulsory
systems 15 voting 299
2.1 How many states are there? 22 18.1 Pluralism undermined: the cases
2.2 Globalization 34 of the United States and Japan 309
3.1 How many democracies are there? 39 18.2 Lobbying 313
3.2 Full democracies vs. flawed 19.1 Policy instruments 329
democracies 45 19.2 The resource curse 339
4.1 Hybrid vs. authoritarian regimes 60
4.2 Totalitarianism 69 Figures
5.1 Empirical versus normative approaches 81
5.2 The interpretive approach: mass
killings and genocide 87 1.1 Five major ideologies 11
6.1 Hypotheses and variables 94 1.2 Aristotle's classification of
6.2 Path dependence. critical junctures. governments 14
and the Greek financial crisis 105 2.1 The qualities of a state 21
7.1 Constitutional amendments 113 2.2 States by population 27
7.2 Models of judicial decision-making 121 3.1 Forms of democracy 40
8.1 Does the size of legislatures matter? 135 3.2 Degrees of democracy 42
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IllUSTRATIONS AND FEATURES ix
3.3 Huntington's waves of 13.4 A patronage network linking centre
democratization 49 and periphery 230
3.4 The expansion of the British electorate so 14.1 The evolution of mass media 235
3.5 Stages of democratization 53 14.2 Global internet access 237
4.1 The world's ten least and most corrupt 14.3 The transmission model of political
states 71 communication 238
5.1 Theoretical approaches to comparative 14.4 Mechanisms of media impact 239
politics 76 14.5 Media structures in liberal
5.2 The formal institutions of government 78 democracies 246
5.3 Understanding political institutions 79 15.1 Five roles of political parties 253
6.1 Political science research methods 93 15.2 Comparing party systems 254
6.2 Five types of case study 93 15.3 Who selects candidates for legislative
6.3 Population and the size of legislature 98 elections? 260
7.1 The elements of constitutions 110 16.1 The Canadian federal election, 2011 272
7.2 Ten facts about constitutions 112 16.2 The use of referendums 281
7.3 Comparing constitutional 17.1 Partisan dealignment in Germany 289
amendments 114 17.2 Partisan dealignment in Sweden 289
7.4 Comparing judicial appointments 120 17.3 Causes of partisan dealignment 290
8.1 The functions of legislatures 129 17.4 Key factors explaining voter choice 291
8.2 Stages in the making of a law 131 17.5 Turnout at legislative elections 297
8.3 A selection of lower chambers 134 17.6 Comparing levels of electoral
8.4 Comparing levels of legislative volatility 301
representation 135 18.1 Types of interest groups 306
8.5 Selecting the upper chamber 136 18.2 Iron triangles: the case of the
9.1 Types of parliamentary government 151 United States 310
9.2 Governments in Western Europe, 18.3 Channels of interest group influence 312
1945-99 154 18.4 Falling trade union membership 315
10.1 Weber's model of bureaucracy 164 18.5 Demonstrations against the
10.2 Comparing the size of bureaucracies 165 Iraq War. 2003 319
10.3 Comparing the size of central 19.1 Stages in the policy process 330
government 166 19.2 The diffusion of innovation 336
10.4 Government departments in selected
countries 167
Tables
10.5 The structure of a government
department 167
10.6 Women in the labour force 174 1.1 Lukes's three dimensions of power 8
11.1 Multilevel governance in the European 1.2 Contrasting themes of left and right 11
Union 183 1.3 Comparative political ratings 15
11.2 Dispersing power in unitary systems 184 1.4 Comparing economic size 16
12.1 Trust in federal government: 1.5 Human Development Index 17
United States 204 2.1 The formation of states 25
12.2 Trust in national government: 2.2 States by income 28
European Union 204 2.3 Ten criticisms of the state 31
12.3 Political generations 207 3.1 Features of modern democracy 38
13.1 Political participation in liberal 4.1 Features of authoritarian rule 57
democracies 218 4.2 Leaders overthrown in the
13.2 Women in legislatures 225 Arab Spring, 2011 60
13.3 Political participation in developing 4.3 Forms of authoritarian rule 62
countries 229 4.4 The five last communist party states 64
4.5 Recent examples of military rule 68
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