Political science PDF
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Introduction to Political Science SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS MARK CARL ROM, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MASAKI HIDAKA, AMERICAN UNIVERSITY RACHEL BZOSTEK WALKER, COLLIN COLLEGE OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. ©2022 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 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The future of education. openstax.org CONTENTS Preface 1 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER1 What Is Politics and What Is Political Science? 7 Introduction 7 1.1Defining Politics: Who Gets What, When, Where, How, and Why? 9 1.2Public Policy, Public Interest, and Power 13 1.3Political Science: The Systematic Study of Politics 18 1.4Normative Political Science 20 1.5Empirical Political Science 22 1.6Individuals, Groups, Institutions, and International Relations 26 Summary 31 Key Terms 32 Review Questions 33 Suggested Readings 36 UNIT 2 INDIVIDUALS CHAPTER2 Political Behavior Is Human Behavior 37 Introduction 37 2.1What Goals Should We Seek in Politics? 38 2.2Why Do Humans Make the Political Choices That They Do? 49 2.3Human Behavior Is Partially Predictable 56 2.4The Importance of Context for Political Decisions 60 Summary 63 Key Terms 64 Review Questions 65 Suggested Readings 66 CHAPTER3 Political Ideology 67 Introduction 67 3.1The Classical Origins of Western Political Ideologies 68 3.2The Laws of Nature and the Social Contract 70 3.3The Development of Varieties of Liberalism 74 3.4Nationalism, Communism, Fascism, and Authoritarianism 76 3.5Contemporary Democratic Liberalism 82 3.6Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Left 85 3.7Contemporary Ideologies Further to the Political Right 92 3.8Political Ideologies That Reject Political Ideology: Scientific Socialism, Burkeanism, and Religious Extremism 96 Summary 99 Key Terms 100 Review Questions 102 Suggested Readings 104 CHAPTER4 Civil Liberties 107 Introduction 107 4.1The Freedom of the Individual 108 4.2Constitutions and Individual Liberties 112 4.3The Right to Privacy, Self-Determination, and the Freedom of Ideas 117 4.4Freedom of Movement 126 4.5The Rights of the Accused 128 4.6The Right to a Healthy Environment 129 Summary 131 Key Terms 132 Review Questions 133 Suggested Readings 135 CHAPTER5 Political Participation and Public Opinion 137 Introduction 137 5.1What Is Political Participation? 138 5.2What Limits Voter Participation in the United States? 142 5.3How Do Individuals Participate Other Than Voting? 147 5.4What Is Public Opinion and Where Does It Come From? 156 5.5How Do We Measure Public Opinion? 158 5.6Why Is Public Opinion Important? 161 Summary 164 Key Terms 165 Review Questions 166 Suggested Readings 168 UNIT 3 GROUPS CHAPTER6 The Fundamentals of Group Political Activity 169 Introduction 169 6.1Political Socialization: The Ways People Become Political 171 6.2Political Culture: How People Express Their Political Identity 176 6.3Collective Dilemmas: Making Group Decisions 181 6.4Collective Action Problems: The Problem of Incentives 187 6.5Resolving Collective Action Problems 191 Summary 197 Key Terms 198 Review Questions 199 Suggested Readings 200 CHAPTER7 Civil Rights 201 Introduction 201 7.1Civil Rights and Constitutionalism 202 7.2Political Culture and Majority-Minority Relations 205 Access for free at openstax.org 7.3Civil Rights Abuses 208 7.4Civil Rights Movements 216 7.5How Do Governments Bring About Civil Rights Change? 222 Summary 229 Key Terms 230 Review Questions 231 Suggested Readings 233 CHAPTER8 Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Elections 235 Introduction 235 8.1What Is an Interest Group? 236 8.2What Are the Pros and Cons of Interest Groups? 239 8.3Political Parties 243 8.4What Are the Limits of Parties? 246 8.5What Are Elections and Who Participates? 248 8.6How Do People Participate in Elections? 253 Summary 258 Key Terms 259 Review Questions 261 Suggested Readings 264 UNIT 4 INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER9 Legislatures 265 Introduction 265 9.1What Do Legislatures Do? 266 9.2What Is the Difference between Parliamentary and Presidential Systems? 280 9.3What Is the Difference between Unicameral and Bicameral Systems? 286 9.4The Decline of Legislative Influence 288 Summary 292 Key Terms 292 Review Questions 294 Suggested Readings 296 CHAPTER10 Executives, Cabinets, and Bureaucracies 297 Introduction 297 10.1Democracies: Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Regimes 298 10.2The Executive in Presidential Regimes 302 10.3The Executive in Parliamentary Regimes 306 10.4Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes 308 10.5Semi-Presidential Regimes 312 10.6How Do Cabinets Function in Presidential and Parliamentary Regimes? 315 10.7What Are the Purpose and Function of Bureaucracies? 319 Summary 326 Key Terms 327 Review Questions 328 Suggested Readings 334 CHAPTER11 Courts and Law 335 Introduction 335 11.1What Is the Judiciary? 336 11.2How Does the Judiciary Take Action? 342 11.3Types of Legal Systems around the World 345 11.4Criminal versus Civil Laws 350 11.5Due Process and Judicial Fairness 360 11.6Judicial Review versus Executive Sovereignty 364 Summary 366 Key Terms 368 Review Questions 369 Suggested Readings 372 CHAPTER12 The Media 373 Introduction 373 12.1The Media as a Political Institution: Why Does It Matter? 374 12.2Types of Media and the Changing Media Landscape 380 12.3How Do Media and Elections Interact? 386 12.4The Internet and Social Media 391 12.5Declining Global Trust in the Media 396 Summary 400 Key Terms 401 Review Questions 402 Suggested Readings 403 UNIT 5 STATES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CHAPTER13 Governing Regimes 405 Introduction 405 13.1Contemporary Government Regimes: Power, Legitimacy, and Authority 406 13.2Categorizing Contemporary Regimes 418 13.3Recent Trends: Illiberal Representative Regimes 427 Summary 429 Key Terms 430 Review Questions 431 Suggested Readings 433 CHAPTER14 International Relations 435 Introduction 435 14.1What Is Power, and How Do We Measure It? 436 14.2Understanding the Different Types of Actors in the International System 440 14.3Sovereignty and Anarchy 443 14.4Using Levels of Analysis to Understand Conflict 445 14.5The Realist Worldview 449 14.6The Liberal and Social Worldview 454 14.7Critical Worldviews 457 Summary 460 Access for free at openstax.org
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