Political Psychology: Cultural and Crosscultural Foundations

334 Pages·2000·35.806 MB·English

by  Stanley A. Renshon, John Duckitt (eds.)

Political Psychology
Also by Stanley A. Renshon
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HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION: Theory and Research
HIGH HOPES: The Clinton Presidency and the Politics of Ambition
THE POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY OF THE GULF WAR: Leaders, Publics and the
Process of Conflict
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
Also by John Duckitt
THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF PREJUDICE
Political Psychology
Cultural and Crosscultural Foundations
Edited by
Stanley A. Renshon
Professor of Political Science
The City University of New York
New York
USA
and
John Duckitt
Senior Lecturer in Psychology
University of Auckland
New Zealand
Selection, editorial matter and Chapters 1 and 5 (with others)
© Stanley A. Renshon and John Duckitt 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2000 978-0-333-75103-9
Chapter 6 © John Duckitt 2000
Chapter 16 © Stanley A. Renshon 2000
Chapters 2-4, 7-15 © Macmillan Press Ltd 2000
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures vii
Preface ix
Notes on the Contributors xiii
Part I Foundations of Cross cultural Political Psychology
1 Cultural and Crosscultural Political Psychology: 3
Revitalizing a Founding Tradition for a New Subfield
Stanley A. Renshon and John Duckitt
2 The Elusive Concept of Culture and the Vivid Reality 18
of Personality
Lucian W. Pye
3 The Relevance of Culture for the Study of Political 33
Psychology
Marc Howard Ross
4 Taboo Trade Offs: Constitutive Prerequisites for 47
Political and Social Life
Alan Page Fiske and Philip E. Tetlock
5 Substance and Method in Cultural and Crosscultural 66
Political Psychology
Stanley A. Renshon and John Duckitt: with contributions by
Marc Howard Ross, Ofer Feldman, Fathali M. Moghaddam,
George A. De Vos, Walter G. Stephan and Kwok Leung
Part II Culture, Psychology and Political Conflict
6 Culture, Personality and Prejudice 89
John Duckitt
7 The Political Culture of State Authoritarianism 108
Jos D. Meloen
8 Conflict and Injustice in Intercultural Relations:
Insights from the Arab-Israeli and Sino-British Disputes 128
Kwok Leung and Walter G. Stephan
9 Culture and Ethnic Conflict 146
Marc Howard Ross
v
vi Contents
Part III The Political Psychology of Change in Cultural
Regions
10 The Political Unconscious: Stories and Politics in Two
South American Cultures 159
Allen Johnson
11 Cultural Nationalism and Beyond: Crosscultural Political
Psychology in Japan 182
Ofer Feldman
12 Change, Continuity and Culture: The Case of Power
Relations in Iran and Japan 201
Fathali M. Moghaddam and David Crystal
13 Value Adaptation to the Imposition and Collapse of
Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe 217
Shalom H. Schwartz, Anat Bardi and Gabriel Bianchi
Part IV Political Psychology and the Dilemmas of
Multiculturalism
14 Social Authority and Minority Status: Problems of
Internalization and Alienation Among Japanese and
Koreans in Diverse Cultural Settings 241
George A. De Vos
15 Multicultural Policy and Social Psychology: The Canadian
Experience 263
f. W. Berry and Rudolf Kalin
16 American Character and National Identity: The Dilemmas
of Cultural Diversity 285
Stanley A. Renshon
Index 311
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
6.1 Two sets of psychocultural dimensions underlying
prejudice and ethnocentrism 100
10.1 Incidence of emotions and emotionally-charged outcomes
in 29 Matsigenka folktales 162
13.1 Definitions of the value types and the single items used to
index them 221
13.2 Mean ratings of values for sets of East-Central as compared
to West European samples 226
13.3 Mean ratings of values for subsets of East-central as
compared to West European samples studied at both T1
and T2 233
1S.1 Descriptive statistics for five multicultural attitudes in 1974
and 1991 surveys 271
15.2 Attitude scale means by ethnic origin, inside and outside
Quebec (1991 survey) 273
15.3 Self-identity (per cent) of respondents in two national
surveys by ethnic origin 275
15.4 Self-identity (per cent) by ethnic origin, inside and outside
Quebec (1991 survey) 276
15.5 Mean strength of identification with three self-identities by
region and ethnic origin (1991) survey 276
Figures
6.1 A casual model of the impact of personality and worldview
on the two social attitude dimensions, RWA and SDO, and
on prejudice and ethnocentrism 102
6.2 Personality, social attitudes and prejudice: LISREL
standardized maximum likelihood coefficients 102
7.1 State authoritarianism (early 1990s, 133 countries) 114
7.2 Model state authoritarianism 122
10.1 Common form of the Matsigenka emotion-story 163
10.2 Common emotion story in rural northeastern Brazil 169
10.3 The later Freudian unconscious 176
10.4 The 'angler's float': a psychoanalytic folk tale of the
unconscious 177
14.1 Summary comparison of Card 1: Los Angeles Koreans and
Korean Japanese 252
vii
viii List of Tables and Figures
14.2 Summary comparison of Card 17: Loss Angeles Koreans
and Korean Japanese 254
14.3 Summary comparison of Card 7: Loss Angeles Koreans and
Korean Japanese 255
15.1 Mean comfort levels with ethnic groups, by ethnic origin
of respondents in the national sample (1991 survey) 274
15.2 Distribution of mean scores on Canadianism, by ethnic
origin and region of residence of respondents (1991 survey) 278
15.3 Distribution of mean scores on security, by ethnic origin
and region of residence of respondents (1991 survey) 279
Preface
This book represents a crosscultural, crossdisciplinary collaboration between
two political psychologists with a deep interest in culture's consequences.
One comes to this interest via social psychology, the other via political
science and psychoanalytic theory. Both share the conviction that the lost
legacy of culture in the field of political psychology can be reclaimed, and
that the field of political psychology will be better for having done so.
This collaboration began with planning for a special issue of Political
Psychology (vol. 18, no. 2). It became clear during that process that a good
deal of work being done by psychological anthropologists, political scient
ists and crosscultural psychologists could usefully be organized and devel
oped as an important subfield of political psychology. Yet nowhere had
this been done, and the substantial historical legacy of early cultural
anthropologists and political psychologists who built on their work was in
danger of being lost.
Political Psychology: Cultural and Crosscultural Foundations is an effort to
rescue and revitalize the cultural tradition in political psychology. Our
strategy is to bring together work from these three disciplines to illustrate
the relevance of the cultural dimension for a deeper understanding of
critical substantive and theoretical issues in political psychology and to
facilitate crossfertilization. Our approach in creating this book was straight
forward. Individually, and together, we developed a list of scholars whose
work drew on training and research in at least two of the three major disci
plines from which this book draws. We then wrote to each describing the
book's focus and inviting their possible contribution. It is from that process
that this book emerged.
In keeping with the diverse training, perspectives and interests of our
contributors, we neither aspired to, nor tried to impose, any artificial or
premature uniformity of view. We did however require of each chapter that
it make clear and explicit its understanding of culture and psychology,
the operational manifestations of these terms, and their implications
for political life. The unifying focus throughout, therefore, is on cultural
psychology's consequences for political life. As expected in a book with
the phrase crosscultural in its title, we do so in different geographical set
tings. However, our focus throughout is on the conceptual and empirical
clarification of culture's impact, not on cultural geography, per se.
The book is subdivided into four major parts: Foundations of Crosscultural
Political Psychology; Culture, Psychology and Political Conflict; The Political
Psychology of Change in Cultural Regions; and Political Psychology and the
Dilemmas of Multiculturalism. The first part, Foundations of Crosscultural
ix