Political Protest and Social Change: Analyzing Politics

394 Pages·1995·20.79 MB·English

by  Charles F. Andrain

Political Protest
and Social Change
Analyzing Politics
Charles F. Andrain and David E. Apter
POLITICAL PROTEST AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Also by Charles F. Andrain
COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS
FOUNDATIONS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS
POLITICAL CHANGE IN THE THIRD WORLD
POLITICAL LIFE AND SOCIAL CHANGE
POLITICS AND ECONOMIC POLICY IN WESTERN
DEMOCRACIES
SOCIAL POLICIES IN WESTERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Also by David E. Apter
AGAINST THE STATE (with Nagayo Sawa)
CHOICE AND THE POLITICS OF ALLOCATION
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE NEW REALISM IN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (edited with Carl G. Rosberg)
THE POLITICS OF MODERNIZATION
RETHINKING DEVELOPMENT: Modernization, Dependency, and
Postmodern Politics
REVOLUTIONARY DISCOURSE IN MAO'S REPUBLIC (with
Tony Saich)
Political Protest and
Social Change
Analyzing Politics
Charles F. And rain
Professor of Political Science
San Diego State University
and
David E. Apter
Henry ]. Heinz II Professor of Comparative Political and Social Development
Yale University
M
MACMILLAN
© Charles F. Andrain and David E. Apter 1995
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published 1995 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
HoundmiJis, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-62548-4 ISBN 978-0-230-37700-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230377004
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95
Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson
Okehampton and Rochdale, England
Contents
List of Tables VIII
Preface IX
1 Introduction: People in Protest 1
Cultural Values 4
Structural Conditions 6
Motivations, Perceptions, and Behaviors 8
Conclusion 9
PART I CULTURE 11
2 Political Philosophies, Ideologies, and the
Q.uest for Meaning 23
The Medieval Catholic Synthesis 26
The Enlightenment and Modernity 28
Classical Liberalism 30
Democratic Socialism 39
Communism 43
Reaction against the Enlightenment 48
Conservatism 49
Fundamentalism 51
Fascism 53
Conclusion 56
3 Religion and Political Vision 59
Asian Enlightenment 64
Justice and Judaism 69
Virtue and the Christian Commonwealth 74
Islamic Law and Justice 85
Conclusion 90
4 Nationalism and Political Identity 93
Nationalism and Primordial Values 98
The Religious Base of Nationalism I 03
v
Contents
Vl
Pluralist Nationalism and Civil Values 114
Conclusion 119
PART II STRUCTURE 123
5 The Nation-State and Institutionalist Theories 132
The Enigma of State Power 133
The Power of the Nation-State: Statist Perspectives 136
The Limits of State Power: Societal Perspectives 140
Constitutional Government and Reformist Change 144
The National Security State and Political Order 154
Radical Institutionalism and Transformative
Change 157
Conclusion 169
6 Pluralist Theories and Social Groups 172
Liberal Pluralism 173
Communal Pluralism 182
Radical Pluralism 191
Conclusion 195
7 Theories of the World System 197
Structural Realism 199
Liberal Institutionalism 208
Capitalist World-Economy Theory 212
Conclusion 219
PART III BEHAVIOR 223
8 The Learning of Political Attitudes 233
Dimensions of Political Attitudes 236
Theories of Attitude Formation and Change 239
Psychoanalytic Theories 239
Social Learning Theories 244
Cognitive Development Theories 248
Moral Attitudes, Cognition, and Political Action 252
Conclusion 254
9 Electoral Participation 256
Rational Choice Perspectives on Electoral Behavior 260
Contents vn
Voting Behavior and the Processing of Political
Information 265
Protest Voting 276
Paradoxes of Electoral Participation 278
Conclusion 280
10 Political Leadership 282
Types of Political Leadership 285
Political Charisma and Movements for Social
Change 291
Leadership and Participation in Revolutions 294
Conclu~on 306
Epilogue 311
Notes and References 318
Index·- 376
List of Tables
6.1 Liberal, Communal, and Radical Pluralism 174
7.1 Structural Theories of the World System 200
8.1 Theoretical Explanations of Support for Civil
Liberties 240
10.1 Types of Political Leadership 285
Vlll
Preface
At the close of the twentieth century, political protests have
erupted throughout the world. The 'reds' struggle for greater
socioeconomic equality. Homeless people block entry into the
men's room at Los Angeles City Hall. Their red banner demands
'outhouses for people without houses.' Dressed in red satin union
jackets, activists in the Justice for Janitors movement seek higher
wages, greater health benefits, and more vacation time for the
janitors, mainly Latina immigrants. In the People's Republic of
China, 'blue' peasants revolt against 'red' tax collectors.
Complaining about excessive taxes, low government prices for
grain, high prices for other goods, and widespread party-state
corruption, farmers throw stones at government officials and
kidnap local Chinese Communist Party leaders. Pig farmers
urinate on their tax collectors and confine them to the pig pen.
Disillusioned with the negative consequences of rapid industrial
growth, the 'greens' reject the bureaucratic state and centralized
state socialism as well as corporate capitalism. They demonstrate
for a decentralized state, self-governing local communities,
organic gardening, a clean environment, nuclear disarmament,
greater civil liberties, and expanded equality, especially for
women and low-income workers. The Greenpeace ship, the
Rainbow Warrior, sails around the world protesting nuclear
weapons testing, the slaughter of whales, the dumping of nuclear
wastes, and devastation of the oceans.
Even though ecological movements have gained greater
popular support in Europe and North America than in most
developing nations, the greens recently have become more active
in Africa and Latin America. Argentinian environmental artists
paint maps filled with red water and green land masses. For them,
'red' symbolizes the blood emanating from the conflict between
the northern industrialized nations and the southern part of the
Americas. 'Green' represents the life that struggles to survive
against deforestation activities. Amazonian Indians protest public
policies destroying rain forests and the people who live there.
Governments, foreign institutions (World Bank, Inter-American
Development Bank), and several domestic groups - land
IX