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Political Parties in Africa: Ethnicity and Party Formation PDF

342 Pages·2013·1.31 MB·English
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PoliticalPartiesinAfrica This book examines the effects of ethnicity on party politics in Sub- SaharanAfrica.SebastianElischeranalyzespoliticalpartiesinGhana, Kenya, and Namibia in detail and provides a preliminary analysis of parties in seven other countries, including Tanzania, Botswana, Sene- gal,Zambia,Malawi,BurkinaFaso,andBenin.Elischerfindsthatfive party types exist: the mono-ethnic, the ethnic alliance, the catch-all, the programmatic, and the personalistic party. He uses these party typestoshowthattheAfricanpoliticallandscapeisconsiderablymore diversethanconventionallyassumed.Whereasethnicpartiesdominate insomecountries,nonethnicpartieshavebecomethenorminothers. Thisstudyalsofindsacorrelationbetweenacountry’sethnicmakeup andthesalienceofpoliticalethnicity:countrieswithacoreethnicgroup arepronetoformnonethnicparties.Incountrieslackingacoreethnic group,ethnicpartiesconstitutethenorm. Sebastian Elischer is assistant professor of comparative politics at the LeuphanaUniversityLu¨neburgandtheGermanInstituteofGlobaland AreaStudiesHamburg. Political Parties in Africa Ethnicity and Party Formation SEBASTIAN ELISCHER LeuphanaUniversityLu¨neburgandGermanInstituteof GlobalandAreaStudies,Hamburg 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitofeducation, learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107620445 (cid:2)C SebastianElischer2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Elischer,Sebastian,1979– PoliticalpartiesinAfrica:ethnicityandpartyformation/SebastianElischer. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-03346-7(hardback)–isbn978-1-107-62044-5(pbk.) 1.Politicalparties–Africa. 2.Ethnicrelations–Politicalaspects. 3.Africa–Ethnic relations–Politicalaspects. I.Title. jq1879.a795e45 2013 324.2096–dc23 2012051703 isbn978-1-107-03346-7Hardback isbn978-1-107-62044-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurlsfor externalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. To my grandfather Contents Tables pagexiii Abstract xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 ComparativePoliticsandPoliticalPartiesinAfrica 1 HarbingersofEvil?EthnicPartiesandDemocracy 2 InternationalPartyAssistanceandEthnicParties 4 FightingGhosts?PoliticalScienceandAfricanParties 5 FillingintheGaps 7 TheStructureoftheBook 8 2 ANewFrameworkofComparisonforPoliticalParties 11 OntheStudyofPoliticalParties 12 PartyTypologiesintheWesternWorld 12 PartyTypologiesOutsidetheWesternWorld 18 PartyTypologiesinEasternEurope,LatinAmerica,and Asia 20 PartyTypologiesinAfrica 22 TowardaNewFrameworkofComparison 26 TheOperationalizationoftheAmendedDiamondandGunther Typology 30 PartyGoals 31 ElectoralStrategy 32 OrganizationalStructure 33 SocialBase 34 Aggregation 37 TowardEmpiricalResearch 38 ComparativePoliticsandtheDiamondandGuntherTypology 41 3 Kenya:TheUbiquityofEthnicParties 43 One-PartyRuleandtheRiseofEthnicCleavageLines 46 vii viii Contents ObservationPeriod1 51 FORD-Kenya:TheEnduringLogicofEthnicPolitics 51 FORD-Asili:ThePrisonersofDr.KennethMatiba 57 TheDemocraticParty:IntheShadowsofGEMA 59 TheKenyanAfricanNationalUnion:Enteringthe DemocraticAge 61 ObservationPeriod2 67 FORD-Kenya:FromAlliancetoMono-EthnicParty 67 TheNationalDevelopmentParty:FORD-K’sFormerLuo Wing 70 TheDemocraticParty:TheBeneficiariesofFORD-A’s Collapse 72 TheSocialDemocraticParty:TowardKambaUnity 73 TheKenyanAfricanNationalUnion 75 ObservationPeriod3 79 TheNationalAllianceRainbowCoalition 79 KANU,theOrangeDemocraticMovement–Kenya,andthe OrangeDemocraticMovement 88 KenyaAfterthe2007Elections 93 PoliticalPartiesinAfrica:FindingsfromKenya 95 4 Namibia:TheDominanceofNonethnicParties 100 Apartheid,EthnicCleavageLines,andPoliticalParties 101 ObservationPeriod1 104 TheDemocraticTurnhalleAllianceandtheDemocratic Age 105 TheSouthWestAfricanPeople’sOrganization 110 ObservationPeriod2 113 TheDemocraticTurnhalleAllianceFallsApart 113 SWAPOExtendingtheSWAPOKingdom 117 ObservationPeriod3 121 TheDemocraticTurnhalleAllianceandItsDisintegration 121 SWAPO:TheLegacyoftheNujomaSuccession 124 ObservationPeriod4 129 TheRiseandFalloftheCongressofDemocrats 130 SWAPOandPohamba 133 NamibiaAfterthe2009Elections 135 PoliticalPartiesinAfrica:FindingsfromNamibia 135 5 Ghana:TheUbiquityofNonethnicParties 140 TheFirstThreeRepublics,EthnicCleavageLines,andPolitical Parties 141 ObservationPeriod1 143 TheNewPatrioticParty:IntheFootstepsofthePP 144 TheNationalDemocraticCongress:ADictatorElected 150

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This book examines the effects of ethnicity on party politics in sub-Saharan Africa. Sebastian Elischer analyzes political parties in Ghana, Kenya, and Namibia in detail, and provides a preliminary analysis of parties in seven other countries including Tanzania, Botswana, Senegal, Zambia, Malawi, Bu
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