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Contributions to Political Science Georgios I. Zekos Political, Economic and Legal Effects of Artificial Intelligence Governance, Digital Economy and Society Contributions to Political Science The series Contributions to Political Science contains publications in all areas of political science, such as public policy and administration, political economy, comparativepolitics,EuropeanpoliticsandEuropeanintegration,electoralsystems and voting behavior, international relations and others. Publications are primarily monographsandmultipleauthorworkscontainingnewresearchresults,butconfer- enceandcongressreportsarealsoconsidered.Theseriescoversboththeoreticaland empiricalaspectsandisaddressedtoresearchersandpolicymakers. Alltitlesinthisseriesarepeer-reviewed. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/11829 Georgios I. Zekos Political, Economic and Legal fi Effects of Arti cial Intelligence Governance, Digital Economy and Society GeorgiosI.Zekos InternationalHellenicUniversity Serres,Greece ISSN2198-7289 ISSN2198-7297 (electronic) ContributionstoPoliticalScience ISBN978-3-030-94735-4 ISBN978-3-030-94736-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94736-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my lovely wife ΣΟΦIΑ ΠΡΟΔΡΟMΟΥ ΓΡΗΓΟΡIΑΔΟΥ And to my son IΩΑΝΝΗΣ-MΑΡIΝΟΣ ΖΕKΟΣ Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 TheoreticalBackgroundofAIandGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1 AIBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 TransformingGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 DigitalGovernanceandDigitalPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 AntitrustandDigitalPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.5 Digitization,Governance,andtheLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.6 AIandCorporations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.7 AIandPoliticalCorruption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3 DigitalEconomyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 FinancialGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.3 DigitalEconomyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.4 EUandDigitalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.5 AIEconomyandGig-EconomyPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.6 Cyber-ColonizationandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.7 IPRsInDigitalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4 AI&DemarcationoftheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.1 TheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.2 TheRuleofLawinGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.3 GlobalEconomicGovernanceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . 100 4.4 NewTechnologiesandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.5 ArtificialIntelligenceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.6 FromtheRuleofLawtoAIRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.7 AAIRuleofLawandAAIInternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 vii viii Contents 5 PoliticsVersusLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.2 LegalGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 5.3 TheAdvancementofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.4 TheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 5.5 InternationalRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.6 StateAuthorityandInternationalRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 5.7 StatesandtheLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.8 PoliticsandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 5.9 ThePoliticsofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5.10 Politics,Law,andCourts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 5.11 GlobalJusticeandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.12 CriminalLawandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 5.13 InternationalCriminalCourtsandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . 228 5.14 USSupremeCourtandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 5.15 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 6 PoliticsSupersedestheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 6.1 Politics,Ideology,andLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 6.2 DoLawandPoliticsConcur?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 260 6.3 PoliticsandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 6.4 DoPoliticsShapetheRuleofLaw?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 6.5 DoestheRuleofLawClarifyApplicablePolitics?. . . . . . . . . 274 6.6 TheRuleofLawandtheEURuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.7 TheRuleofLawinEU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 7 InternationalLaw,Politics,andtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 7.1 InternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 7.2 UNandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 7.3 UseofForceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 7.4 Non-stateArmedPlayersandtheInternationalRuleofLaw. . . 322 7.5 PowerandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 7.6 FromLawtoPoliticsandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 7.7 TerrorismandtheRuleofLaw. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 332 7.8 InternationalTradeandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 8 CyberspaceGovernanceandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 8.1 Cyberspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 8.2 CyberspaceCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 345 8.3 StateSovereigntyandCyberspaceSovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . 346 8.4 PersonalCyberspaceJurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 8.5 CyberspaceGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 8.6 CyberspaceGovernanceandInternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Contents ix 8.7 Cybersecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 8.8 CyberspaceandAIGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 8.9 CyberspaceandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 9 PoliticsandTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 9.1 DefiningPoliticsandTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 9.2 FragmentationofTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 9.3 TechnocracyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 9.4 DigitizationandDemocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 9.5 TechnologyandLawinaConstitutionalDemocracy. . . . . . . . 390 9.6 AIandDemocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 9.7 AIandVoting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 395 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 10 AIandPolitics. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. 403 10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 10.2 AIinPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 10.3 DigitalPlatformsandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 10.4 AlandAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 10.5 ApplicationsofAIinAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 10.6 LegalSingularityandPolitics. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 426 10.7 AI,Legitimacy,andPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 10.8 AI,Judiciary,andSeparationofPowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 10.9 AI,TheState,andConstitutionalRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 10.10 AILegalSystemsandLegalPersonhood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 10.11 ArtificiallyIntelligentJustice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 10.12 AIinJusticeandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 10.13 TheNewEULegislationonArtificialIntelligence. . . . . . . . . . 462 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 11 DigitalPolitics,GDPR,andAI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 11.1 AI,Data,andGDPR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 11.2 AIandGDPRinLaborMarket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 11.3 GDPR,Privacy,andCompetition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 11.4 OpenData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 11.5 AIandHumanRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 11.6 AI,Cyber-Borders,andInternationalPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 11.7 DigitalPoliticsandBigData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Chapter 1 Introduction Human beings are the central problem of politics because they have personal interests, and they tend to pursue them, even when they are tasked with pursuing thepublicinterest.Additionally,humanshavelimitedcompetences,intermsbothof howmuchtheycandoandhowwelltheycandothings. Itcouldbesaidthatpoliticsisthemannersbywhichcompetingpartiessettletheir differences andreachdecisions.Politicsiscomplexinvolvingmanyconsiderations of uncertain short- and long-term effects. It has to be taken into consideration that mostproblems,whenaccuratelyunderstood,aretechnicalproblemsamenabletothe logic of statistical analysis and optimization. Moreover, technocracy refers to the ruleofexperts. When a new technology is appeared to society, the law has to respond to the disordertechnologygeneratesbutthereisapacingproblemandsothethoughtthat law cannot keep pace with technology brings forwards a form of “technological determinism” wherein technology drives social structures and cultural values.1 Moreover, the law is catching up with technology but “technology has not stood still.”Also,AIandroboticsastransformativetechnologieswithcriticalqualitiesare moreexceptionalthanthoseofcyberspaceandotherpriortechnologies.Itcouldbe saidthatiftechnologyisthedrivingforceoflaw,lawwillalwaysfollowtechnology and so technological revolution, embracing the relationships among technologies, theiruses,andtheirrelationshipbetweenthemandpeople,instigatesandinfluences socialtransformation. ArtificialIntelligence(AI)istheautomationofcertaintasksofhumanintellectual competence. Moreover, AI is an integrated system that integrates information acquisitionobjectives,logicalreasoningprinciples,andself-correctioncapabilities. AI products are ranging from domestic appliances, such as smart dishwashers, to 1Ryan Calo, Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw, 103 CAL. L. REV. 513, 556–57 (2015) LyombeS.Eko,NewMedia,OldRegimes:CaseStudiesInComparativeCommunicationLawAnd Policy220(2012). ©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 1 G.I.Zekos,Political,EconomicandLegalEffectsofArtificialIntelligence, ContributionstoPoliticalScience,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94736-1_1

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