Political, Economic and Legal Effects of Artificial Intelligence: Governance, Digital Economy and Society

528 Pages·2022·6.352 MB·English

by  Georgios I. Zekos

Contributions to Political Science
Georgios I. Zekos
Political, Economic
and Legal Effects
of Artificial
Intelligence
Governance, Digital Economy and
Society
Contributions to Political Science
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Georgios I. Zekos
Political, Economic and Legal
fi
Effects of Arti cial
Intelligence
Governance, Digital Economy and Society
GeorgiosI.Zekos
InternationalHellenicUniversity
Serres,Greece
ISSN2198-7289 ISSN2198-7297 (electronic)
ContributionstoPoliticalScience
ISBN978-3-030-94735-4 ISBN978-3-030-94736-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94736-1
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To my lovely wife
ΣΟΦIΑ ΠΡΟΔΡΟMΟΥ ΓΡΗΓΟΡIΑΔΟΥ
And to my son
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 TheoreticalBackgroundofAIandGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 AIBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 TransformingGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 DigitalGovernanceandDigitalPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 AntitrustandDigitalPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5 Digitization,Governance,andtheLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6 AIandCorporations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.7 AIandPoliticalCorruption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 DigitalEconomyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 FinancialGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 DigitalEconomyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 EUandDigitalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.5 AIEconomyandGig-EconomyPlatforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.6 Cyber-ColonizationandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.7 IPRsInDigitalEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4 AI&DemarcationoftheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 TheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 TheRuleofLawinGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 GlobalEconomicGovernanceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . 100
4.4 NewTechnologiesandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.5 ArtificialIntelligenceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.6 FromtheRuleofLawtoAIRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.7 AAIRuleofLawandAAIInternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
vii
viii Contents
5 PoliticsVersusLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.2 LegalGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.3 TheAdvancementofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.4 TheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.5 InternationalRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.6 StateAuthorityandInternationalRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5.7 StatesandtheLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.8 PoliticsandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5.9 ThePoliticsofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
5.10 Politics,Law,andCourts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.11 GlobalJusticeandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.12 CriminalLawandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.13 InternationalCriminalCourtsandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . 228
5.14 USSupremeCourtandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
5.15 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6 PoliticsSupersedestheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.1 Politics,Ideology,andLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.2 DoLawandPoliticsConcur?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 260
6.3 PoliticsandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.4 DoPoliticsShapetheRuleofLaw?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.5 DoestheRuleofLawClarifyApplicablePolitics?. . . . . . . . . 274
6.6 TheRuleofLawandtheEURuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7 TheRuleofLawinEU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7 InternationalLaw,Politics,andtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.1 InternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
7.2 UNandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.3 UseofForceandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
7.4 Non-stateArmedPlayersandtheInternationalRuleofLaw. . . 322
7.5 PowerandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
7.6 FromLawtoPoliticsandLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
7.7 TerrorismandtheRuleofLaw. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 332
7.8 InternationalTradeandtheRuleofLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8 CyberspaceGovernanceandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.1 Cyberspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
8.2 CyberspaceCharacteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 345
8.3 StateSovereigntyandCyberspaceSovereignty. . . . . . . . . . . . 346
8.4 PersonalCyberspaceJurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
8.5 CyberspaceGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
8.6 CyberspaceGovernanceandInternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Contents ix
8.7 Cybersecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
8.8 CyberspaceandAIGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
8.9 CyberspaceandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
9 PoliticsandTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.1 DefiningPoliticsandTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.2 FragmentationofTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
9.3 TechnocracyandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
9.4 DigitizationandDemocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.5 TechnologyandLawinaConstitutionalDemocracy. . . . . . . . 390
9.6 AIandDemocracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
9.7 AIandVoting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 395
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
10 AIandPolitics. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. 403
10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.2 AIinPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
10.3 DigitalPlatformsandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
10.4 AlandAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.5 ApplicationsofAIinAdministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
10.6 LegalSingularityandPolitics. .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 426
10.7 AI,Legitimacy,andPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
10.8 AI,Judiciary,andSeparationofPowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
10.9 AI,TheState,andConstitutionalRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
10.10 AILegalSystemsandLegalPersonhood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
10.11 ArtificiallyIntelligentJustice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
10.12 AIinJusticeandPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
10.13 TheNewEULegislationonArtificialIntelligence. . . . . . . . . . 462
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
11 DigitalPolitics,GDPR,andAI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
11.1 AI,Data,andGDPR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
11.2 AIandGDPRinLaborMarket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
11.3 GDPR,Privacy,andCompetition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
11.4 OpenData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
11.5 AIandHumanRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
11.6 AI,Cyber-Borders,andInternationalPolitics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
11.7 DigitalPoliticsandBigData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Chapter 1
Introduction
Human beings are the central problem of politics because they have personal
interests, and they tend to pursue them, even when they are tasked with pursuing
thepublicinterest.Additionally,humanshavelimitedcompetences,intermsbothof
howmuchtheycandoandhowwelltheycandothings.
Itcouldbesaidthatpoliticsisthemannersbywhichcompetingpartiessettletheir
differences andreachdecisions.Politicsiscomplexinvolvingmanyconsiderations
of uncertain short- and long-term effects. It has to be taken into consideration that
mostproblems,whenaccuratelyunderstood,aretechnicalproblemsamenabletothe
logic of statistical analysis and optimization. Moreover, technocracy refers to the
ruleofexperts.
When a new technology is appeared to society, the law has to respond to the
disordertechnologygeneratesbutthereisapacingproblemandsothethoughtthat
law cannot keep pace with technology brings forwards a form of “technological
determinism” wherein technology drives social structures and cultural values.1
Moreover, the law is catching up with technology but “technology has not stood
still.”Also,AIandroboticsastransformativetechnologieswithcriticalqualitiesare
moreexceptionalthanthoseofcyberspaceandotherpriortechnologies.Itcouldbe
saidthatiftechnologyisthedrivingforceoflaw,lawwillalwaysfollowtechnology
and so technological revolution, embracing the relationships among technologies,
theiruses,andtheirrelationshipbetweenthemandpeople,instigatesandinfluences
socialtransformation.
ArtificialIntelligence(AI)istheautomationofcertaintasksofhumanintellectual
competence. Moreover, AI is an integrated system that integrates information
acquisitionobjectives,logicalreasoningprinciples,andself-correctioncapabilities.
AI products are ranging from domestic appliances, such as smart dishwashers, to
1Ryan Calo, Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw, 103 CAL. L. REV. 513, 556–57 (2015)
LyombeS.Eko,NewMedia,OldRegimes:CaseStudiesInComparativeCommunicationLawAnd
Policy220(2012).
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G.I.Zekos,Political,EconomicandLegalEffectsofArtificialIntelligence,
ContributionstoPoliticalScience,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94736-1_1