Political Ecology Across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups PDF
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Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups EDITED BY SUSAN PAULSON AND LISA L. GEZON bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, AND LONDON LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Political ecology across spaces, scales, and social groups / edited by Susan Paulson and Lisa L. Gezon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN –--(hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN ---(pbk : alk. paper) . Political ecology—Case studies. I. Paulson, Susan, 1961- II. Gezon, Lisa L. JA.8.P .—dc A British Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the British Library This collection copyright © 2005 by Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey For copyrights to individual pieces please see first page of each essay. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 100 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8099. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as defined by U.S. copyright law. Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii 1 Place, Power, Difference: Multiscale Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century 1 LISA L. GEZON AND SUSAN PAULSON 2 Politics, Ecologies, Genealogies 17 SUSAN PAULSON, LISA L. GEZON, AND MICHAEL WATTS PART ONE Policy and Environment 3 The Fight for the West: A Political Ecology of Land-Use Conflicts in Arizona 41 METTE J. BROGDEN AND JAMES B. GREENBERG 4 Whose Water? Political Ecology of Water Reform in Zimbabwe 61 ANNE FERGUSON AND BILL DERMAN 5 The New Calculus of Bedouin Pastoralism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 76 ANDREW GARDNER 6 Land Tenure and Biodiversity: An Exploration in the Political Ecology of Murang’a District, Kenya 94 A. FIONA D. MACKENZIE 7 The Political Ecology of Consumption: Beyond Greed and Guilt 113 JOSIAH MCC. HEYMAN v vi CONTENTS PART TWO Social Hierarchies in Local-Global Relationships 8 Finding the Global in the Local: Environmental Struggles in Northern Madagascar 135 LISA L. GEZON 9 Symbolic Action and Soil Fertility: Political Ecology and the Transformation of Space and Place in Tonga 154 CHARLES J. STEVENS 10 Gendered Practices and Landscapes in the Andes: The Shape of Asymmetrical Exchanges 174 SUSAN PAULSON 11 Undermining Modernity: Protecting Landscapes and Meanings among the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia 196 ALF HORNBORG PART THREE Forest Visions 12 Shade: Throwing Light on Politics and Ecology in Contemporary Pakistan 217 MICHAEL R. DOVE 13 A Global Political Ecology of Bioprospecting 239 HANNE SVARSTAD 14 The Emergence of Collective Ethnic Identities and Alternative Political Ecologies in the Colombian Pacific Rainforest 257 ARTURO ESCOBAR AND SUSAN PAULSON Notes on Contributors 279 Index 283 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS F ive years ago, as we planned an invited session at the ninety-ninth annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, we began the conversa- tions that led to the collaborative production of this book. Most of the contrib- utors were present at that double session, held in San Francisco in November 2000, as either presenters or participants in the ensuing discussions. Andrew Vayda, who had provided important stimulus in his 1999 co-authored article “Against Political Ecology,” used his role as discussant to pose a series of key challenges for ongoing work. Our shared enthusiasm to address those challenges and continue to explore the methodological and theoretical possibilities of political ecology evolved into a special issue of Human Organization(vol. 62, no. 3, fall 2003) called “Locating the Political in Political Ecology.” Thanks go to Don Stull, edi- tor of Human Organization, for offering excellent editorial support, obtaining serious and comprehensive peer reviews, and guiding us in ways that made our message accessible and valuable to a wider audience. Six articles from that spe- cial issue—those by Mette J. Brogden and James B. Greenberg, Anne Ferguson and Bill Derman, Michael R. Dove, Andrew Gardner, Susan Paulson, and A. Fiona D. Mackenzie—were adapted as chapters for this book, where they are complemented by eight new chapters. While the book builds on concepts and challenges outlined in the introduction to that special issue, its broadened scope of interest is manifest in the reshaping of specific analyses and the incor- poration of a variety of new topics and types of study. We are grateful for the sincere commitment of the thirteen scholars from several disciplines who contributed so enthusiastically to this book. We also want to acknowledge other scholars who have been valuable contributors to our ongoing discussions about political ecology, its applications, and its possi- bilities since the inception of this project. The intellectual participation of Jan- ice Harper and Dianne Rocheleau, who presented valuable papers related to these themes at the 2000 and 2001American Anthropology Association meet- ings and engaged in fruitful exchanges with both editors, enhanced the book’s development. Their work in applying political ecology to urban settings is advancing the frontiers of the field in exciting ways. Other key interlocutors vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS include Gene Anderson, Tom McGuire, Susan Lees, Terre Satterfield, and Brad Walters. We thank all of them for their contributions to the conceptual and methodological discussions advanced here. And we thank those who have made this project practically feasible, including Kristi Long, our editor at Rutgers Uni- versity Press; Adi Hovav, editorial assistant at Rutgers; Jessica Cook, undergradu- ate assistant to Lisa L. Gezon at the State University of West Georgia; and Andrew Gardner, who did a careful job compiling the index. We would like to acknowledge intellectual debts to mentors who wakened us to themes vital to this book and motivated us to explore them as graduate students and beyond. Lisa L. Gezon would like to acknowledge Conrad Kottak, who has been a constant source of encouragement and intellectual clarity, and Roy Rappaport, who inspired new ways of thinking about how humans interact with the material world around them. Susan Paulson would like to recognize Paul Friedrich for his inspiring innovations in ethnography, poetics, and politics, and Terry Turner, whose enduring work with Marxian theory in anthropology and with indigenous movements for sociocultural and territorial autonomy is echoed throughout this book. Finally, we would like to emphasize that this project should not be read as a collection of distinct papers, each written by a single scientist representing his or her own research and analysis. This has been a participatory and collab- orative project from the beginning, and the result is a book conceived and con- structed as a whole, in which each part communicates a key dimension of the message and demonstrates unique applications of the shared approach. Lisa L. Gezon and Susan Paulson wrote or co-authored three and four chapters, respec- tively, and both engaged extensively in shaping and editing all fourteen chapters. We hope that the resulting book does credit to those participants mentioned here as well as the many others colleagues whose ideas and questions have helped to shape this collaborative project. We have worked to present key concepts, methods, and applications that characterize the dynamic field of political ecol- ogy today. This book does not aim, however, to establish an authoritative defini- tion of political ecology. Rather, we intend to provide ideas and tools to motivate and support diverse researchers, scholars, students, and actors to understand and address human-environmental issues in ways we have not yet dreamed of. SUSAN PAULSON AND LISA L. GEZON Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups
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