Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed

770 Pages·2003·4.69 MB·English

by  Mark Grossman

POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN
AMERICA
An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed
Volume 1
POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN
AMERICA
An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed
Second Edition
Volume 1
Mark Grossman
How to go to your page

This eBook contains two volumes. Each volume has its own page numbering scheme,
consisting of a volume number and a page number, separated by a hyphen.

For example, to go to page 5 of Volume 1, type v1-5 in the “page #” box at the top of the
screen and click “Go.” To go to page 5 of Volume 2, type v2-5 in the "page #" box… and
so forth.
PUBLISHER: LeslieMackenzie
EDITORIALDIRECTOR: LauraMars-Proietti
EDITORIALASSISTANT: JaelBridgemahon
MARKETINGDIRECTOR: JessicaMoody
AUTHOR: MarkGrossman
COPYEDITOR: ElaineAlibrandi
COMPOSITION&DESIGN: ATLISSystems
GreyHousePublishing,Inc.
185MillertonRoad
Millerton,NY12546
518.789.8700
FAX[phone]
www.greyhouse.com
e-mail:[email protected]
Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethereliabilityoftheinformationpresentedinthispublication,GreyHousePublishing
neitherguaranteestheaccuracyofthedatacontainedhereinnorassumesanyresponsibilityforerrors,omissionsordiscrepancies.
GreyHouseacceptsnopaymentforlisting;inclusioninthepublicationofanyorganization,agency,institution,publication,service
orindividualdoesnotimplyendorsementoftheeditorsorpublisher.
Errorsbroughttotheattentionofthepublisherandverifiedtothesatisfactionofthepublisherwillbecorrectedinfutureeditions.
ExceptbyexpresspriorwrittenpermissionoftheCopyrightProprietornopartofthisworkmaybecopiedbyanymeansof
publicationorcommunicationnowknownordevelopedhereafterincluding,butnotlimitedto,useinanydirectoryorcompilation
orotherprintpublication,inanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,inanyotherelectronicdevice,orinanyvisualoraudio-
visualdeviceorproduct.
Thispublicationisanoriginalandcreativework,copyrightedbyGreyHousePublishing,Inc.andisfullyprotectedbyallapplicable
copyrightlaws,aswellasbylawscoveringmisappropriation,tradesecretsandunfaircompetition.
GreyHousehasaddedvaluetotheunderlyingfactualmaterialthroughoneormoreofthefollowingefforts:uniqueandoriginal
selection;expression;arrangement;coordination;andclassification.
GreyHousePublishing,Inc.willdefenditsrightsinthispublication.
Copyright(cid:1)2008byGreyHousePublishing,Inc.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsinareview,
withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
Publisher’sCataloging-In-PublicationData
(PreparedbyTheDonohueGroup,Inc.)
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Grossman,Mark.
PoliticalcorruptioninAmerica:anencyclopediaofscandals,power,
andgreed/MarkGrossman.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-57607-060-3(hardcover:alk.paper);ISBN1-85109-492-X(eBook)
1.Politicalcorruption–UnitedStates–Encyclopedias.I.Title.
JK2249.G767 2008
973’.03—dc21 2003013127
CONTENTS
Preface,xi
Introduction,xvii
POLITICALCORRUPTIONINAMERICA
AnEncyclopediaofScandals,Power,andGreed
A Bullock,RufusBrown(1834–1907) ..........................50
Abramoff,Jack(1959– ).......................................1 Bundling .......................................................51
ABSCAM ........................................................4 Burton,JosephRalph(1852–1923) ..........................52
Adams,LlewelynSherman(1899–1986) .....................7 Burtonv.UnitedStates,202U.S.344(1906) ................53
Addonizio,HughJoseph(1914–1981) .......................10 Bustamante,AlbertGarza(1935– ) .........................54
Agnew,SpiroTheodore(1918–1996) ........................12 Butler,DavidC.(1829–1891).................................55
*Alexander,Lamar ............................................15 Butler,RoderickRandum(1827–1902)......................56
Ames,Adelbert(1835–1933) .................................15
Ames,Oakes(1804–1873) ....................................17
Archbald,RobertWodrow(1848–1926).....................19 C
Archer,Stevenson(1827–1898) ..............................21 Caldwell,Alexander(1830–1917) ............................59
Austinv.MichiganChamberofCommerce,494U.S.652 CampaignFinanceScandal1996 .............................61
(1990).......................................................22 Catron,ThomasBenton(1840–1921) .......................64
Axtell,SamuelBeach(1819–1881) ...........................23 *Caudle,TheronLamar.......................................66
Censure.........................................................66
Chinagate.......................................................69
B Choate,JosephHodges(1832–1917).........................71
Baker,RobertGene(1928– ).................................25 Cianci,VincentAlbert,Jr.(1941– ) .........................72
Barryv.UnitedStatesexrel.Cunningham,279U.S.597 *CivilServiceAct..............................................73
(1929).......................................................27 CivilServiceReform...........................................73
Barstow,WilliamAugustus(1813–1865)....................29 *Claiborne,HarryEugene ....................................74
Belknap,WilliamWorth(1829–1890) .......................31 Claibornev.UnitedStates,465U.S.1305(1984)............74
Biaggi,Mario(1917– ) .......................................34 Clark,WilliamAndrews(1839–1925) .......................74
Bilbo,TheodoreGilmore(1877–1947).......................35 Clayton,Powell(1833–1914) .................................75
Bingham,Hiram(1875–1956) ................................36 *CleanPoliticsActof1939 ...................................77
Blagojevich,Milorad“Rod”R.(1956– ) ....................38 Clinton,WilliamJefferson(1946– ) .........................77
Blaine,JamesGillespie(1830–1893) .........................41 CodeofOfficialConduct ......................................83
Blanton,LeonardRay(1930–1996) ..........................44 Coelho,AnthonyLee(1942– ) ...............................84
Brehm,WalterEllsworth(1892–1971) ......................46 Colfax,Schuyler,Jr.(1823–1885) ............................87
Brewster,DanielBaugh(1923–2007) ........................47 ColoradoRepublicanFederalCampaignCommitteev.
Brooks,James(1810–1873) ..................................47 FederalElectionCommission,116S.Ct.2309,
Buckleyv.Valeo,424U.S.1(1976) ..........................49 518U.S.604(1996)........................................90
Stars*indicateSeelistingsthatarecross-referencedtofullarticles.
v
vi Contents
Colvin,HarveyDoolittle(1815–1892) .......................91 F
Coman,Thomas(1836–1909) ................................92 Fall,AlbertBacon(1861–1944) ............................161
CommonCause ................................................93 Fauntroy,WalterEdward(1933– ) ........................164
CongressionalEthicsCode ....................................93 *FederalCorruptPracticesActof1910 ...................165
Connally,JohnBowden,Jr.(1917–1993) ....................94 FederalCorruptPracticesActof1925,43Stat.1070;
Connelly,MatthewJ.(1907–1976) ...........................96 2U.S.C.§241(1925) ....................................165
ContemptofCongress.........................................98 FederalElectionCampaignActof1971,PublicLaw92–225,
86Stat.3,2USC§431etseq.(1971)..................166
CorruptPracticesAct,36Stat.822(1910) ..................98
FederalElectionCampaignActAmendmentsof1974,88
*CorruptPracticesActs(Congressional) ....................99
Stat.1263(1974).........................................166
*Cosby,William ...............................................99
FederalElectionCommission(FEC) .......................167
Coughlin,JohnJoseph(1860–1938) .........................99
FederalElectionCommissionv.MassachusettsCitizensfor
Covode,John(1808–1871) .................................100
Life,Inc.,479U.S.238(1986) ..........................167
Cox,CharlesChristopher(1952– ) ........................102
FederalElectionCommissionv.NationalConservative
CoxReport ...................................................104
PoliticalActionCommittee,470U.S.480(1985) ......168
Cranston,AlanMacGregor(1914–2000) ..................107
FederalElectionCommissionv.NationalRighttoWork
Cr´editMobilierScandal .....................................109
Committee,459U.S.197(1982) ........................169
Croker,Richard(1841–1922)...............................111
Ferguson,JamesEdward(1871–1944) ....................170
Cunningham,RandallHarold(1941– ) ...................113
*Ferguson,MiriamAmandaWallace ......................172
Curley,JamesMichael(1874–1958) .......................116 Filegate .......................................................172
Curtis,GeorgeWilliam(1824–1892).......................118 Fletcher,ErnestLee(1952– ) ..............................175
Flood,DanielJohn(1903–1994) ...........................176
FloridaRighttoLife,Inc.v.Lamar,233F.3rd1288(11th
D Cir.2001) .................................................178
Daugherty,HarryMicajah(1860–1941) ...................121 Ford,JohnN.(1942– ) .....................................178
Democracy:AnAmericanNovel ............................124 Fortas,Abraham(1919–1982) .............................180
Foulke,WilliamDudley(1848–1935) ......................182
Denby,Edwin(1870–1929) .................................124
Dever,WilliamEmmett(1862–1929) ......................126
Deweese,JohnThomas(1835–1906) ......................128
G
Dewey,ThomasEdmund(1902–1971) ....................129
Garcia,Robert(1933– ) ....................................185
Diggs,CharlesColeman,Jr.(1922–1998)..................131
Garfield,JamesAbram(1831–1881) .......................186
Dodd,ThomasJoseph(1907–1971) .......................132
Gaynor,WilliamJay(1848–1913) ..........................187
Dorsey,StephenWallace(1842–1916).....................134
Gilbert,WilliamAugustus(1815–1875) ...................190
Duer,William(1747–1799).................................138
Goebel,William(1856–1900) ..............................191
Durenberger,DavidFerdinand(1934– ) ..................140
Gore,AlbertArnold,Jr.(1948– ) ..........................193
Dwyer,R.Budd(1939–1987)...............................141
Grover,LaFayette(1823–1911) ............................196
Grunewald,HenryW. .......................................198
E
Eaton,DormanBridgman(1823–1899) ...................143 H
Edwards,EdwinWashington(1927– ) ....................144 Hague,Frank(1876–1956) .................................199
Edwards,FrancisSmith(1817–1899)......................146 Hall,AbrahamOakey(1826–1898) ........................201
Eilberg,Joshua(1921–2004)................................147 Hanna,RichardThomas(1914–2001) .....................202
English,GeorgeWashington(1868–1941) ................148 Hansen,GeorgeVernon(1930– ) .........................203
Hastings,AlceeLamar(1936– ) ...........................205
*EPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)Scandal ......150
HatchAct,53Stat.1147(1939) ............................208
Espy,MichaelAlbert(1953– ) .............................150
Hays,WayneLevere(1911–1989) .........................208
EthicsinGovernmentAct,PublicLaw95–521(1978) ...153
Hayt,EzraAyres(1823–1902)..............................210
EthicsReformActof1989,PublicLaw101–194
Helstoski,Henry(1925–1999) ..............................211
(1989).....................................................153
*Helstoskiv.Meanor ..........................................212
Evansv.UnitedStates(504U.S.255[1992])..............154
Henderson,JohnBrooks(1826–1913) .....................212
ExecutivePrivilege ..........................................155
Hevesi,AlanG.(1940– ) ...................................214
Expulsion ....................................................157
HobbsAct,18U.S.C.§1951(1946) .......................215
Stars*indicateSeelistingsthatarecross-referencedtofullarticles.
Contents vii
Hoeppel,JohnHenry(1881–1976) .........................216 L
Hoffman,HaroldGiles(1896–1954) .......................217 Lance,ThomasBertram“Bert”(1931– ) .................277
Hoffman,JohnThompson(1828–1888) ...................218 Langer,William(1886–1959) ..............................279
Holden,WilliamWoods(1818–1892) .....................220 Leche,RichardWebster(1898–1965) .....................281
Honoraria ....................................................223 Lederer,RaymondFrancis(1938– ) ......................282
Hopkinson,Francis(1737–1791) ..........................224 LobbyingDisclosureActof1995,PublicLaw104–65,
HouseofRepresentativesBankingScandal ...............225 109Stat.691,2U.S.C.§1601(1995) ..................284
HouseofRepresentativesCommitteeonStandardsof Lorimer,William(1861–1934) .............................284
OfficialConduct..........................................226 Louderback,Harold(1881–1941) ..........................286
HouseofRepresentativesPostOfficeScandal ............227 Lyon,Caleb(1822–1875) ...................................287
HousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)Scandal .......228
Hubbard,Carroll,Jr.(1937– ) .............................231
Hubbell,Levi(1808–1876) .................................232 M
Hunt,(Harold)Guy(1933– ) ..............................233 Mandel,Marvin(1920– ) ..................................289
Manton,MartinThomas(1880–1946).....................291
Marshall,Humphrey(1760–1841) .........................292
I Matteson,OrsamusBenajah(1805–1889) .................294
Impeachment ................................................237 Mavroules,NicholasJames(1929–2003) ..................295
May,AndrewJackson(1875–1959) ........................296
IncomeTaxScandal,DepartmentofJustice
McCormickv.UnitedStates,500U.S.257(1991) ........298
(1951–1952)..............................................241
McCray,WarrenTerry(1865–1938) .......................300
IndependentCounselStatute,28U.S.C.1826 .............243
McDade,JosephMichael(1931– ).........................301
IndependentExpenditures..................................246
McGrainv.Daugherty,273U.S.135(1927) ...............302
InfluencePeddling ..........................................247
Mecham,Evan(1924–2008) ................................303
Ingersoll,RobertGreen(1833–1899) ......................248
Miller,ThomasWoodnutt(1886–1973) ...................305
Iran-ContraAffair ...........................................250
Mills,WilburDaigh(1909–1992) ..........................307
Mitchell,JohnHipple(1835–1905) ........................308
Mitchell,JohnNewton(1913–1988) .......................310
J
Mollohan,AlanBowlby(1943– ) ..........................313
Jackson,EdwardFranklin(1873–1954) ...................253
Morales,DanielC.(1956– ) ................................315
Jackson,James(1757–1806)................................254
Morrisonv.Olson,487U.S.654(1988) ....................316
Jefferson,WilliamJennings(1947– )......................255
*Muckrakers .................................................318
Jenckes,ThomasAllen(1818–1875) .......................258
Mugwumps ..................................................318
*Jenrette,JohnWilson,Jr...................................259
*MulliganLetters ...........................................319
Jerome,WilliamTravers(1859–1934) .....................259 Myers,MichaelJoseph(1943– ) ...........................319
Johnson,ThomasFrancis(1909–1988)....................260
JudicialConductandDisabilityActof1980,28U.S.C.
§372(c)(1980) ..........................................261
N
Jurneyv.MacCracken,294U.S.125(1935) ...............262
*1911AmendmentstothePublicityAct ..................321
*1940AmendmentstotheHatchAct .....................321
Newberryv.UnitedStates,256U.S.232(1921) ...........321
K Ney,RobertWilliam(1954– ) .............................322
KeatingFive..................................................265 Nixon,RichardMilhous(1913–1994) .....................323
Kellogg,WilliamPitt(1830–1918) .........................268 Nixonv.ShrinkMissouriPAC,528U.S.377(2000) ......327
*Kelly,Richard ..............................................270 Nixonv.UnitedStates,506U.S.224(1993) ...............328
Kerner,Otto,Jr.(1908–1976) ..............................270
Kilbournv.Thompson,103U.S.168(1881) ...............271
Kim,JayChang-jun(1939– ) ..............................273
O
King,CecilRhodes(1898–1974) ...........................273 *Oakar,MaryRose ..........................................331
King,WilliamSmith(1828–1900) .........................275 ObstructionofJustice .......................................331
*Kolter,JosephPaul ........................................276 OperationGreylord ..........................................332
Koreagate ....................................................276 Ordway,NehemiahGeorge(1828–1907) ..................332
Stars*indicateSeelistingsthatarecross-referencedtofullarticles.
viii Contents
P Shepherd,AlexanderRobey(1835–1902) .................396
Pardongate ...................................................335 Shuster,ElmerGreinert“Bud”(1932– ) ..................398
Patterson,JamesWillis(1823–1893) ......................337 Siegelman,DonaldEugene(1946– ) ......................400
Peck,JamesHawkins(1790?–1836) .......................339 Sikes,RobertLeeFulton(1906–1994) .....................402
Pendergast,ThomasJoseph(1872–1945) .................340 Simmons,JamesFowler(1795–1864) .....................403
Pendleton,GeorgeHunt(1825–1889) .....................342 Small,Lennington“Len”(1862–1936) ....................404
PendletonCivilServiceAct,22Stat.403(1883) ..........344 Smith,FrankLeslie(1867–1950)...........................406
Perkins,CarlChristopher(1954– ) ........................345 Smith,John(1735?–1824) ..................................407
Pickering,John(1737?–1805) ..............................346 *SpecialProsecutor(Federal) ..............................408
*Poindexter,George ........................................349 SpeechorDebateClauseoftheU.S.Constitution ........408
*PoindexterCommission ...................................349 StarRouteFrauds ...........................................410
PoliticalCartoonsandCorruption .........................349 Starr,KennethWinston(1946– )..........................412
PoliticalCorruptionasPortrayedinFilmsandon Sullivan,TimothyDaniel(1863–1913) ....................414
Television ................................................350 Sulzer,William(1863–1941) ...............................416
PoliticalCorruptionasPortrayedinLiterature ...........352 Swartwout-HoytScandal ....................................419
Pomeroy,SamuelClarke(1816–1891) .....................354 Swayne,CharlesHenry(1842–1907) ......................420
Powell,AdamClayton,Jr.(1908–1972) ...................356 Symington,JohnFife,III(1945– ) ........................422
Powellv.McCormack,395U.S.486(1969) ................358
PublicityActof1910,36Stat.822 .........................359
T
Talmadge,HermanEugene(1913–2002) ..................425
R
TammanyHall ...............................................427
*Rebuke......................................................363
Tate,JamesWilliams(1831–?) .............................429
Recall .........................................................363
TeapotDomeScandal .......................................430
Reed,Harrison(1813–1899) ...............................364
Thomas,JohnParnell(1895–1970) ........................435
Reeder,AndrewHoratio(1807–1864) .....................366
Thompson,FredDalton(1942– ) .........................436
Reynolds,MelvinJay(1952– ) .............................368
Thompson,WilliamHale(1869–1944) ....................437
*Rezko,Antoin“Tony” .....................................369
TillmanActof1907,34Stat.864(1907) ..................439
Richmond,FrederickWilliam(1923– ) ...................369
Tonry,RichardAlvin(1935– ).............................439
Ritter,HalstedLockwood(1868–1951) ....................369
Torricelli,RobertGuy(1951– ) ............................441
Roach,WilliamNathaniel(1840–1902) ...................370
Traficant,JamesAnthony,Jr.(1941– ) ...................443
Roberts,OwenJosephus(1875–1955) .....................372
Tucker,JamesGuy,Jr.(1943– ) ...........................444
Robinson,Charles(1818–1894) ............................374
Turner,George(1750?–1843) ..............................446
Ross,RobertTripp(1903–1981) ...........................376
Tweed,WilliamMagear(1823–1878)......................448
Rostenkowski,DanielDavid(1928– ) .....................377
Tyner,JamesNoble(1826–1904) ..........................452
Rowland,JohnGrosvenor(1957- ) ........................379
Ryan,GeorgeHomer(1934– ) .............................381
U
Volume 2 UnitedStatesv.Bramblett,348U.S.503(1955)...........455
UnitedStatesv.Brewster,408U.S.501(1972) ............456
UnitedStatesv.Gillock,445U.S.360(1980) ..............457
UnitedStatesv.Helstoski,442U.S.477(1979) ............458
S
UnitedStatesv.Johnson,383U.S.169(1966) .............459
Schenck,RobertCumming(1809–1890) ..................385
*UnitedStatesv.NationalTreasuryEmployeesUnion ...460
Schmitz,EugeneEdward(1864–1928) ....................386
UnitedStatesv.Salinas(522U.S.52[1997])..............460
Schumaker,JohnGodfrey(1826–1905) ...................389
UnitedStatesv.Shirey,359U.S.255(1959) ...............461
Seabury,Samuel(1873?–1958) .............................390
UnitedStatesv.Worrall,2U.S.(2Dall.)384(1798)......462
*SelectCommitteeonU.S.NationalSecurityand
Military/CommercialConcernswiththePeople’s
RepublicofChina........................................391
SenateFinanceCommitteeHearings1997(Thompson V
Committee) ..............................................391 Vare,WilliamScott(1867–1934) ..........................465
SenateSelectCommitteeonEthics ........................394 VermontRighttoLifeCommitteev.Sorrell,19F.Supp.
*SenateSelectCommitteeonStandardsofConduct .....396 2d204(1998),216F.3d264(2000) ...................467
Stars*indicateSeelistingsthatarecross-referencedtofullarticles.
Contents ix
W Williams,HarrisonArlington,Jr.(1919–2001) ...........491
Walker,JamesJohn(1881–1946) ..........................469 Williams,JohnJames(1904–1988) ........................493
Walsh,ThomasJames(1859–1933) .......................471 Williamson,JohnNewton(1855–1943) ...................494
Walton,JohnCallaway(1881–1949) .......................472 Wilson,CharlesHerbert(1917–1984) .....................495
Warmoth,HenryClay(1842–1931)........................473 *Worrall,Robert ............................................496
Watergate ....................................................476 Wright,JamesClaude,Jr.(1922– ) ........................496
Welch,WilliamWickham(1818–1892) ...................481
WhiskeyRingScandal ......................................482
Whitewater...................................................485
Z
Whittemore,BenjaminFranklin(1824–1894) ............488
Zenger,JohnPeter(1697–1746) ...........................499
Willett,WilliamForte,Jr.(1869–1938) ....................489
(cid:1)
PrimaryDocuments,501
Fifty-eightfull-textarticlesfromTheWashingtonPost,NewYorkTimes,etc.
Appendices
1. CasesofExpulsion,Censure,andCondemnationintheU.S.Houseof
RepresentativesandU.S.Senate,1798–Present........................................659
2. SenateCasesInvolvingQualificationsforMembership ...............................664
3. IndependentCounselInvestigations,1979–1999 ......................................665
4. HouseCasesInvolvingQualificationsforMembership................................667
5. UnitedStatesSenatorsTriedandConvictedandTriedandAcquitted,
1806–1981.................................................................................669
6. UnitedStatesGovernorsinEthicalTrouble—Impeachments,Crimes,and
Convictions,1851–Present...............................................................670
7. ImpeachmentsofFederalOfficials,1799–1999 ........................................672
8. RulesofProcedureandPracticeintheSenatewhenSittingonImpeachment
Trials ......................................................................................673
9. UnitedStatesMayorsInvolvedinPoliticalCorruption................................677
Chronology,679
Bibliography,703
Index,723
Stars*indicateSeelistingsthatarecross-referencedtofullarticles.