Political Corruption and Scandals in Japan PDF
Preview Political Corruption and Scandals in Japan
POL ITIC AL CORRUPTION AND SCANDALS IN JAPAN POL ITIC AL CORRUPTION AND SCANDALS IN JAPAN Matthew M. Carlson and Steven R. Reed CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON Cornell University Press gratefully acknowledges receipt of a subvention from the Department of Po liti cal Science, University of Vermont, which aided in the publication of this book. Copyright © 2018 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2018 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of Amer i ca Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Carlson, Matthew M., 1972– author. | Reed, Steven R., 1947– author. Title: Po liti cal corruption and scandals in Japan / Matthew M. Carlson and Steven R. Reed. Description: Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017025014 (print) | LCCN 2017031399 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501715662 (epub/mobi) | ISBN 9781501715679 (pdf) | ISBN 9781501715655 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Po liti cal corruption— Japan— History. | Scandals— Japan— History. | Japan— Politics and government—1945– Classification: LCC JQ1629.C6 (ebook) | LCC JQ1629.C6 C37 2018 (print) | DDC 364.1/3230952— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2017025014 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent pos si ble in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable- based, low- VOC inks and acid- free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine- free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at cornellpress . cornell . edu. Cover: National Diet Building (Kokkaigijidou), Tokyo. Photograph by Tanaka Nobuaki. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction. Pol itic al Corruption and Scandals in Postwar Japan 1 1. Understanding Corruption in Japan ese Politics 11 2. Scandals in Early Postwar Japan, 1948–1978 25 3. Scandals and Reform, 1979–2001 45 4. Scandals and Reform, 2002–2016 68 5. Bureaucratic Corruption and Po liti cal Scandals 92 6. Sex and Campaign Finance Scandals 113 7. Election Law Violations as Pol iti cal Corruption 131 Conclusion. The Evolution of Pol itic al Corruption and Scandals 151 Acknowl edgments 165 Appendixes 167 A. Yen Exchange Rate per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1950–2016 167 B. Prime Ministers of Japan after 1945 169 C. Asahi’s Investigation into Election Violations in the 1960s 171 References 175 Index 185 Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 Number of election law violators in Japan’s lower h ouse, 1946–2014 138 7.2 Number of election law violators in the national and prefectural districts, 1950–1980 145 Tables 2.1 Bribery prosecutions in Japan’s parliament after 1948 33 3.1 Number of politicians linked to major corruption scandals 47 7.1 Japan’s electoral systems from more to less candidate-c entered 137 vii A Note on Proper Names and Transliteration We prese nt the names for all Japan ese politicians and bureaucrats as f amily name followed by given name. Japa nese words are spelled with elongated sounds as would be necessary to produce the correct characters on a Japa nese word pro- cessor. We made a few exceptions for common En glish renderings (i.e., Tokyo, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Kobe, and Komeito) and names of some Japan ese scholars. List of Abbreviations ANA All Nippon Airways CIA Central Intelligence Agency CPI Corruption Perceptions Index DPJ Demo cratic Party of Japan DSP Demo cratic Socialist Party ESB Economic Stabilization Board EU Eu ro pean Union JCP Japan Communist Party JDA Japan Dental Association JDF Japan Dentists Federation JIP Japan Innovation Party JPS Japan Pension Ser vice JSP Japan Socialist Party LDP Liberal Demo cratic Party MMD multimember district MMM mixed- member majoritarian NAIIC Nuclear Accident In de pen dent Investigation Commission NFP New Frontier Party NHK Nippon Housou Kyoukai (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) NISA Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency NLC New Liberal Club NPA National Police Agency NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone PR proportional repre sen ta tion SIA Social Insurance Agency SMD single- member district SNTV single nontransferable vote SOP standard operating procedure TEPCO Tokyo Electric Power Com pany ix
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