Polish - Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie

104 Pages·2012·7.06 MB·Polish

UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN
Polish
Journal
of
Natural
Sciences
27
(3/2012)
PUBLISHER UWM
OLSZTYN 2012
1
EDITORIAL BOARD
Janusz Falkowski (Editor-in-chief), Eugeniusz Biesiadka (Biology), Jerzy Czapla
(Agriculture),Jan Glogowski (Reproductive Biology), Ryszard Zadernowski (Food
Science), Małgorzata Jankun-Woźnicka (Fishery), Józef Szarek (Veterinary
Science), Julita Dunalska (Environmental Protection), Vaclav Matousˇek (Animal
Science, Czech Republic), Juraj Mlynek (Animal Behavior, Slovak Republik)
Statistical editor Anna Wiśniewska
Executive editor Agnieszka Orłowska-Rachwał
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Olsztyn 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Agriculture
A. NOGALSKA, S. SIENKIEWICZ, J. CZAPLA, M. SKWIERAWSKA – The Effect of Multi-
Component Fertilizers on the Yield and Mineral Composition of Winter Rye 247
Animal Breeding and Husbandry
I. IMRICH, E. MLYNEKOVA´, J. MLYNEK, L. MAD’AROVA´, T. KANKA, L. MORAVCOVA´
–BehaviouralActivityinPigsatHabitualTestinRelationtoProductionTraits 257
Biology
P. DYNOWSKI, A. ŹRÓBEK-SOKOLNIK, J. DZIEDZIC – A new Stand of Oxycoccus
Microcarpus Turcz. Ex Rupr. in the Region of Warmia ................... 269
A. ŁUBEK, B. JAROSZEWICZ – New, Rare and Noteworthy Species of Lichens and
Lichenicolous Fungi from Białowieża Forest ............................ 275
E.SUCHARZEWSKA,M.DYNOWSKA,E.EJDYS,A.BIEDUNKIEWICZ,D.KUBIAK–Hyper-
parasites of Erysiphales Fungi in the Urban Environment ................ 289
Environmental Protection
J. KOSZAŁKA, A. SKRZYPCZAK, A. GOŹDZIEJEWSKA, G. FURGAŁA-SELEZNIOW – Bio-
monitoringintheRevitalizationoftheUpperWkraRiver(NidzicaCounty)on
the Basisof Benthic Macroinvertebrates ................................. 301
Fishery
M. BIŁAS, D. ŻARSKI, K. PALIŃSKA, K. WISZNIEWSKA, K. KUPREN, K. TARGOŃSKA,
S. KREJSZEFF, G. FURGAŁA-SELEZNIOW, D. KUCHARCZYK – Effect of Stocking
Density in Relationship to Bottom Areas on the Growth and Survival of
Common Barbel Barbus Barbus (L.) Larvae ............................. 315
Food and Nutrition Sciences
A. GRZEŚKIEWICZ, A. JANKOWSKA, K. WIŚNIEWSKA, A. REPS – The Effect of High
Pressureon Selected three Strains of Lactobacillus Acidophilus ............ 327
Veterinary Medicine
P.SZARO, G. WITKOWSKI,B. CISZEK – Anatomy ofthe Common Calcaneal Tendon
in Rat (Rattus Norwegicus) ............................................ 339
SPIS TREŚCI
Rolnictwo
A. NOGALSKA, S. SIENKIEWICZ, J. CZAPLA, M. SKWIERAWSKA – Wpływ nawozów
wieloskładnikowych na plonowanie i skład mineralny żyta ozimego ........ 247
Chów i hodowla zwierząt
I. IMRICH, E. MLYNEKOVA´, J. MLYNEK, L. MAD’AROVA´, T. KANKA, L. MORAVCOVA´
–Zależnościmiędzyaktywnościązachowaniatucznikówwteścieadaptacyjnym
a ich wynikami w tuczu .............................................. 257
Biologia
P. DYNOWSKI, A. ŹRÓBEK-SOKOLNIK, J. DZIEDZIC – Nowe stanowisko Oxycoccus
Microcarpus Turcz. Ex Rupr. na Warmii ............................... 269
A. ŁUBEK, B. JAROSZEWICZ – Nowe, rzadkie oraz interesujące gatunki porostów
i grzybów naporostowych w Puszczy Białowieskiej ........................ 275
E. SUCHARZEWSKA, M. DYNOWSKA, E. EJDYS, A. BIEDUNKIEWICZ, D. KUBIAK – Nad-
pasożyty grzybów z rzędu Erysiphales w środowisku miejskim ............. 289
Ochrona środowiska
J. KOSZAŁKA, A. SKRZYPCZAK, A. GOŹDZIEJEWSKA, G. FURGAŁA-SELEZNIOW – Bio-
monitoring rewitalizowanegoodcinka górnej Wkry w gminie Nidzica na pod-
stawie makrobezkręgowców bentosowych ................................ 301
Rybactwo
M. BIŁAS, D. ŻARSKI, K. PALIŃSKA, K. WISZNIEWSKA, K. KUPREN, K. TARGOŃSKA,
S. KREJSZEFF, G. FURGAŁA-SELEZNIOW, D. KUCHARCZYK – Wpływ zagęszczenia
obsadynajednostkępowierzchninawzrostiprzeżywalnośćlarwbrzany,Barbus
Barbus (L.) .......................................................... 315
Nauka o żywności i żywieniu
A.GRZEŚKIEWICZ,A.JANKOWSKA,K.WIŚNIEWSKA,A.REPS–Wpływwysokichciśnień
na wybrane trzy szczepy Lactobacillus Acidophilus ....................... 327
Medycyna weterynaryjna
P. SZARO, G. WITKOWSKI, B. CISZEK – Anatomia ścięgna piętowego wspólnego
u szczura (Rattus Norvegicus) ......................................... 339
POLISH JOURNAL OF NATURAL SCIENCES
Abbrev.: Pol. J. Natur. Sc., Vol 27(3): 247–255, Y. 2012
THE EFFECT OF MULTI-COMPONENT FERTILIZERS
ON THE YIELD AND MINERAL COMPOSITION
OF WINTER RYE*
Anna Nogalska, Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Jerzy Czapla,
Małgorzata Skwierawska
DepartmentofAgriculturalChemistryandEnvironmentalProtection
UniversityofWarmiaandMazuryinOlsztyn
Key words:winterrye,yield,macronutrients,multi-componentfertilizers,uptake.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mixed multi-componentfertilizers,
Amofosmag4andAmofosmag3,onwinterryeyield,andthecontentanduptakeofmacronutrients.
A three-year field experiment (2008–2010) was carried out in a randomized block design at the
Researchand ExperimentalStation in Tomaszkowo, at the University of Warmia and Mazury in
Olsztyn.Thetestedcropwaswinterrye(SecaleCerealeL.)cv.DańkowskieDiament.Theobtained
resultsshowedthatfertilizationmulti-componentfertilizers,especiallyAmofosmag3hastheeffectof
increasing the yield of grain and straw of winter rye as compared to simple fertilizer.
Theconcentrationsoftheanalyzedmacronutrientsinwinterryegrainandstrawvariedinsignificantly
betweenfertilizationtreatments.Simpleandmulti-componentfertilizersexertedacomparableeffect
on the mineral composition of the test crop. Significant differences were observed in this respect
betweensuccessiveyearsofthestudy.Thehighesttotaluptakeofnitrogen,potassiumandcalciumby
ryeplantswasnotedintreatmentswithsimplefertilizers,andsomewhathigherphosphorusuptake
wasobservedintheAmofosmag4treatment.Totalmagnesiumuptakewassimilarinalltreatments.
WPŁYWNAWOZÓWWIELOSKŁADNIKOWYCHNAPLONOWANIE
ISKŁADMINERALNYŻYTAOZIMEGO
AnnaNogalska,StanisławSienkiewicz,JerzyCzapla,MałgorzataSkwierawska
KatedraChemiiRolnejiOchronyŚrodowiska
UniwersytetWarmińsko-MazurskiwOlsztynie
Słowa kluczowe:żytoozime,plon,makroelementy,nawozywieloskładnikowe,pobranie.
Address: Anna Nogalska, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Michała Oczapowskiego 8,
10-718Olsztyn,Poland,phone:[phone],e-mail:[email protected]
*ThisstudywasfinancedbyAgrochemLtd.,DobreMiasto.
248 AnnaNogalskaet al.
Abstrakt
CelempracybyłaocenawpływunawozówwieloskładnikowychAmofosmagu4iAmofosmagu3
naplon,zawartośćipobraniemakroskładnikówprzezżytoozime.Trzyletniedoświadczeniepolowe
(2008–2010)przeprowadzonowOśrodkuDydaktyczno-DoświadczalnymwTomaszkowienależącym
doUniwersytetuWarmińsko-MazurskiegowOlsztynie.Roślinątestowanąbyłożytoozimeodmiany
‘DańkowskieDiament’.Napodstawieotrzymanychwynikówstwierdzono,żenawożenienawozami
wieloskładnikowymi, a szczególnie Amofosmagiem 3, miało wpływ na zwiększenie plonu ziarna
isłomyżytaozimegowporównaniuznawozamijednoskładnikowymi.Zawartośćbadanychmakroele-
mentówwżyciewposzczególnychobiektachnawozowychbyłanaogółzbliżona,zastosowanenawozy
działały równorzędnie. Różnice w składzie chemicznym żyta wystąpiły w poszczególnych latach
badań.Największełącznepobranieazotu,potasuiwapniaprzezżytoozimestwierdzonowobiektach
znawozamijednoskładnikowymi,natomiastfosforu–wobiekciezAmofosmagiem4.Łącznepobranie
magnezuprzezżytobyłozbliżonewewszystkichobiektachnawozowych.
Introduction
Multi-componentfertilizersshouldbe selectedbased on a thoroughanaly-
sis of a variety of factors such as the plant species, expected yield, macronut-
rient availability, time and mode of application. Mixed fertilizers have to be
appliedin arational manner, and theirrates should be determinedin viewof
cropyield,cropqualityandfertilizerefficiency,soastomaximizethebenefits
of fertilizer use. A wide variety and range of multi-component fertilizers are
currently available on the Polish market. The products differ with respect to
quality, price, chemical composition and form, including the varying propor-
tionsofthreeprimarymacronutrients,N,PandK,andsecondarynutrients,S,
Mg andCa, whichhelpsconsumers maketheoptimalchoice(GRZEBISZ 2000).
Theuseof multi-componentmineralfertilizers,supplyingabalancedmixture
of major nutrients, allows to prevent environmental pollution and address
environmental concerns in agricultural ecosystems (ŁABUDA 1994, LIPIŃSKI
and BEDNAREK 1998).
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mixed multi-
component fertilizers, Amofosmag 4 and Amofosmag 3, on winter rye yield,
andthecontentanduptakeofmacronutrients.Theappliedfertilizersprovided
the test crop with essential nutrients in optimal proportions.
Materials and Methods
Athree-yearfieldexperiment(2008–2010)wascarriedoutinarandomized
blockdesignattheResearchandExperimentalStationinTomaszkowo,atthe
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The experiment, which com-
prised three fertilization treatments in four replications: control treatment
(simplefertilizers),Amofosmag4andAmofosmag3,wasestablishedonproper
The EffectofMulti-Component... 249
brownsoildevelopedfromsandy loam,ofqualityclassIIIbandverygoodrye
complex. The physicochemical properties of soil in each year of the study are
presented in Table 1. The tested crop was winter rye (Secale Cereale L.)
cv. Dańkowskie Diament. The preceding plants were winter triticale. Plot
surface area was 10 m2.
Table1
Selectedphysicochemicalpropertiesofsoilusedintheexperiment[mgkg–1]
Availableforms
Year pHw1MKCl
P K Mg
2008 6.2 72 207 28
2009 7.0 84 149 35
2010 5.7 70 244 96
Basedontheaveragelevelsofavailablephosphorusinthesoil,350kgha–1
Amofosmag3(NPKMg 3:14:20:2+22%CaO+9%SO :10,5kgN,21,5kgP,
3
58kgK,55kgCa,4kgMg,12,5kgSonpureingredientbasis)andAmofosmag4
(NPKMg4:15:15:2+24%CaO+9%SO :12kgN, 23P,43,5kgK,60kgCa,
3
4 kg Mg, 12,5 kg S on pure ingredient basis) were applied pre-sowing. The
nitrogenrateof80kgperhawassupplementedwithtwodosesofammonium
nitrate applied by top-dressing in all treatments, including control. In the
controltreatment,thefollowingfertilizerswereappliedpresowing:14kgNin
theformofurea,23kgPintheformoftriplesuperphosphate46%and43,5kg
K kg ha–1 in the form of potash salt 60%.
Samplesofwinterryewerecollectedatthestageoffullmaturity.Thegrain
and straw harvested in each plot was dried and weighed individually. Wet
mineralized samples were assayed for the content of: total nitrogen – by the
hypochlorite method, phosphorus – by the vanadium-molybdenum method,
calcium and potassium – by atomic emission spectrometry (AES), and mag-
nesium – by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results of chemical
analyses were verified statistically by a two-factorial analysis of variance for
arandomizedblockdesign.Theexperimentalfactorswereasfollows:a–ferti-
lization, b – duration of the experiment. The least significant difference was
assumed at p = 0.05.
Results and Discussion
Thedistributionofairtemperaturesinthegrowingseasonof2008differed
insignificantlyfromthelong-termaverage(Table2).PrecipitationtotalinMay
andJunewassubstantiallylowerthanthemultiannualaveragefor1970–2000,
250 AnnaNogalskaet al.
whichcouldhavereducedthegrowthrateofwinterryeplants.In2009,mean
monthly temperatures were similar to the long-term average. April was very
dry, while high precipitation levels were noted in June. According to
CHMIELEWSKI(1992),andCHMIELEWSKIandKO¨HN(2000),aconstantsupplyof
water and moderate temperatures in winter and early spring support the
growthandyieldofwintercereals(highcoefficientsofproductivetillering).In
2010, air temperatures during the growing season were slightly above the
long-termaverage.PrecipitationtotalinMaywasover2.5-foldhigherthanthe
longperiodaveragefor1970–2000.Weatherconditionscouldhaveaffectedthe
yield of winter rye.
Table2
Weatherconditionsin2008–2010–dataprovidedbytheMeteorologicalStationinTomaszkowo
Meanmonthlytemperature[oC] Precipitationtotal[mm]
Month
2008 2009 2010 1970–2000 2008 2009 2010 1970–2000
April 7.7 9.4 8.1 6.9 31.4 4.8 18.2 36.1
May 12.3 12.4 12.0 12.7 27.0 52.9 131.9 51.9
June 16.9 14.9 16.4 15.9 32.7 136.9 84.8 79.3
July 18.5 20.4 21.1 17.7 57.7 48.3 80.4 73.8
August 18.4 17.6 19.3 17.2 102.1 19.3 95.3 67.1
September 15.1 14.2 12.0 12.5 22.9 25.7 40.5 59.0
In2008,theyieldofwinterryegrainrangedfrom5.64to6.73tha–1,andit
was significantly affected by the type of fertilizers (Table 3). The highest
average yield of winter rye grain was noted in the Amofosmag 3 treatment.
Straw yield was not significantly influenced by the fertilizers applied in the
study. In experiments conducted by SADOWSKI and RYCHCIK (2010), and
SKUODIENE˙ and NEKROSˇIENE˙ (2009), the average winter rye yield reached
5.47 t ha–1 and 3.82 t ha–1, respectively. In the second year of the study, the
yieldof winter rye grain variedfrom 5.96 to5.97 tha–1, whichwas the lowest
level noted throughout the experimental period. Precipitation total in April
wasvery low, which could havereduced thenumber and size of rye ears. The
experimentalfactorshadnosignificanteffectonstrawyield.Asdemonstrated
by CHMIELEWSKI and KO¨HN (2000), and ALARU et al. (2003), cereal grains are
highly sensitive to weather conditions. In the third year of the experiment
(2010), Amofosmag 3 had the most beneficial influence on rye grain yield,
which was found to increase by around 6%, compared with the control
treatment. Rye straw yield was affected by the applied fertilizers to a lower
degree.In a study by OLESENet al. (2009),the averageyield ofwinter cereals
ranged from 3.2 to 5.1 t ha–1.
The EffectofMulti-Component... 251
Table3
WinterryeyieldaftertheapplicationofAmofosmag4andAmofosmag3[tha–1]
Grain Straw
Treatment mean mean
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
fora fora
NPK 5.64 5.96 7.09 6.23 7.06 8.28 8.71 8.02
Amofosmag4 5.96 5.94 7.23 6.38 7.58 7.81 8.98 8.12
Amofosmag3 6.73 5.97 7.49 6.73 9.28 7.64 9.37 8.76
Meanforb 6.11 5.96 7.27 7.97 7.91 9.02
LSD fora 0.30 n.s.
p=0.05
b 0.32 0.75
ab n.s. 0.73
Explanation:a–fertilization,b–durationoftheexperiment,ab–interaction,n.s.–non-significant
difference
The results of the present study show that Amofosmag 3 caused
an approximately 8% and 9% increase (on average) in the yield of rye
grain and straw, respectively, compared with simple fertilizers. An increase
in the yield of different cereal species in response to the application of
mixed fertilizers was also reported by ZAWARTKA and SKWIERAWSKA (2004),
and NOGALSKA et al. (2010, 2011), whereas in an experiment by WINIARSKI
etal.(2002)theyield-formingeffectsofmulti-componentandsimplefertilizers
were comparable.
Rye is grown as a food plant for human consumption and animal feed,
thereforeitsmacronutrientandmicronutrientcontentisequallyimportantas
yield(BEDNAREKetal.2006).In2008,thenitrogencontentofwinterryegrain
ranged from 10.62 to 11.50 g kg DM. A lower nitrogen content of rye kernels
was observed in 2009, and the highest nitrogen concentrations in rye grain
(15.28gkg–1DM)werenotedin2010.Theappliedfertilizershadnosignificant
effect on changes in the nitrogen levels in rye grain. In a study by GROMOVA
andPOLACK(1995),theaveragenitrogencontentofryegrainwas23.70gkg–1
DM.Nitrogenconcentrationsinwinterryestrawweresignificantlyaffectedby
thetypeoffertilizersand theyearofthestudy. Asignificantlylowernitrogen
content of rye straw (on average) was reported following the application of
Amofosmag 3. In 2008, rye grain contained significantly less phosphorus and
potassium than in 2009 and 2010. In the second and third year of the
experiment, rye kernels were more abundant in phosphorus and potassium
(statistically significant differences). Multi-component fertilizers had no sig-
nificanteffecton changes in the concentrationsof phosphorus and potassium
in rye straw. The calcium content of winter rye grain was not determined by
the type of fertilizers. Differences between treatments were minor, and the
highestcalciumconcentrationsinthetestcropwerenotedin2010.Bothmixed
252 AnnaNogalskaet al.
Table4
MacronutrientcontentofwinterryeaftertheapplicationofAmofosmag4andAmofosmag3
[gkg–1d.m.]
Grain Straw
Treatment mean mean
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
fora fora
10.62 10.62 8.98 15.95 11.85 3.16 3.46 6.65 4.42
Nitrogen 10.20 10.20 9.62 14.85 11.55 3.46 3.42 5.11 3.99
11.50 11.50 8.66 15.06 11.74 3.21 3.17 3.87 3.41
Meanforb 10.77 9.08 15.28 3.27 3.35 5.21
LSD fora n.s. 0.582
p=0.05
b 1.012 0.520
ab n.s. 1.009
1.92 1.92 4.92 3.77 3.53 1.17 2.07 1.95 1.73
Phosphorus 1.99 1.99 5.51 3.66 3.72 1.08 2.13 1.98 1.73
1.88 1.88 2.71 3.38 2.65 1.00 2.19 2.01 1.74
Meanforb 1.93 4.38 3.60 1.08 2.13 1.98
LSD fora 0.244 n.s.
p=0.05
b 0.240 0.177
ab 0.422 n.s.
3.07 3.07 5.47 4.24 4.25 15.15 11.90 13.55 13,52
Potassium 3.30 3.30 5.62 4.10 4.34 12.65 12.90 13.27 12,94
2.82 2.82 5.57 4.10 4.16 11.32 12.72 11.32 11,78
Meanforb 3.06 5.55 4.14 13.04 12.50 12.71
LSD fora n.s. n.s.
p=0.05
b 0.285 n.s.
ab n.s. n.s.
0.58 0.58 0.54 0.71 0.61 5.26 3.22 3.86 4.11
Calcium 0.60 0.60 0.47 0.69 0.58 4.05 2.82 3.54 3.47
0.51 0.51 0.46 0.74 0.57 4.58 2.42 3.44 3.48
Meanforb 0.56 0.49 0.71 4.63 2.82 3.61
LSD fora n.s. 0.254
p=0.05
b 0.051 0.280
ab n.s. 0.440
0.77 0.77 0.84 0.94 0.85 0.37 0.43 0.44 0.41
Magnesium 0.81 0.81 0.89 0.96 0.88 0.36 0.45 0.37 0.39
0.72 0.72 0.84 0.95 0.83 0.41 0.44 0.32 0.39
Meanforb 0.76 0.85 0.95 0.38 0.44 0.37
LSD fora n.s. n.s.
p=0.05
b 0.060 0.054
ab n.s. n.s.
ExplanationsasinTable3
fertilizers contributed to a slight, but significant decrease in the calcium
contentofstraw,comparedwithsimplefertilizers.Themagnesiumcontentof
winter rye remained stable throughout the experiment, and it was not
significantly affected by the applied fertilizers. There were differences in