Policy and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Students PDF
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Policy Implications of Research in Education 6 Tiff any Jones Policy and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Students Policy Implications of Research in Education Volume 6 Series Editors Professor Stephen L. Jacobson, University at Buffalo – State University of New York, USA Dr. Guri Skedsmo, University of Oslo, Norway Editorial Board Prof. Helen Gunter, University of Manchester, England Prof. Stephan Huber, University of Teacher Education Central Switzerland Prof. Jonathan Jansen, University of the Free State, SouthAfrica Prof. Karen Seashore Louis, University of Minnesota, USA Prof. AllanWalker, Hong Kong Institute of Education Policy Implications of Research in Education Scope of the Series In education, as in other fields, there are often significant gaps between research knowledge and current policy and practice. While thereare many reasons for this gap, one that stands out is that policy-makers and practitioners may simply not know about important research findings because these findings are not published in forums aimed at them. PolicyImplicationsofResearchinEducationaimstoclearlyandcomprehensively present the implications for education policy and practice drawn from important lines of current education research in a manner that is accessible and useful for policy-makers, educational authorities and practitioners. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11212 Tiffany Jones Policy and Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Students TiffanyJones SchoolofEducation UniversityofNewEngland Armidale,NewSouthWales Australia ISBN978-3-319-11990-8 ISBN978-3-319-11991-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-11991-5 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014952657 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgments I thank and acknowledge the University of New England’s School of Education, particularlySteveTobias;youhavesupportedmyworkwithouthesitationinatime when that is a political act. I recognise and thank UNE Partnerships, beyondblue, Origin,UNESCO,GLSEN,GALA,theAustralianEducationUnion,Twenty10,the WA Equal Opportunity Commission and all the other organisations that have contributed grants or other resources towards supporting my research or its dissemination. My mentors Anne Mitchell, Lynne Hillier, Sue Dyson, and Judy Miller have generouslysharedtheiradvice,encouragementandcontactsovertheyears.Ithank my parents, brothers, and friends for their love and support. My wife (on certain soils)Kelly,Iamgratefulforyoudaily.Thank youforyourendlessbeliefinme, andhugepersonalsacrifice,especiallyinmovingustothevariouslocationswhere myresearchneededustobe. Thank you to the Australian students and former students, policy makers, politicians, activists and researchers who agreed to participate in my research studies over the years. Your willingness to share and your frankness about your experiences made a difference to the research, to the people who read and acted uponit,andthereforealsotofuturegenerations:bravo! This book is in honour of the students, families and staff who have lost their placesinoureducationsystemsbecausetheycomeunder,arelinkedtoorsupport the GLBTIQ umbrella. It is in memory of the activists, educators and students aroundtheworldwhohavelosttheirlivesinthefightforGLBTIQrightsinschools. v ThiSisaFMBlankPage Glossary Androgynous Can mean having both masculine and feminine characteristics, or havingneitherspecificallymasculinenorfemininecharacteristics.Somepeople whoareandrogynousmayidentifyasgenderqueer,transorandrogynous. BisexualorBi Refers topeoplewhosesexualand romantic feelings are forboth menandwomen,andwhoidentifywiththesefeelings.Manypeoplemayengage in bisexual behaviours but not identify as bisexual. See also: pansexual or omnisexual. Cisgendered Referstopeoplewhosesenseofgenderand/orsexmatchesthesex theywereassignedatbirth.Cisgenderistheantonymoftransgenderandisused tolabelthosewhosegenderisnottrans. Cis/cisgender/cissexual Describe gender identity where an individual’s self- perception of their gender matches the sex they were assigned at birth. For example, a cis male was assigned male at birth, and this label fits his gender identity. FtM/F-M/F2M SeeTransgenderFtM. Gay Peoplewhosesexualandromanticfeelingsareprimarilyforthesamesexand who identify primarily with those feelings. In Australia, both men and women identifyasgay;howeveritoftenrefersmainlytohomosexualmen. Gender Dysphoria A medical diagnosis related to transgender people in the DSM-V, which refers to extreme discontent with the assigned sex allocated to anindividualatbirth. GenderIdentityDisorder/GID Amedicaldiagnosisfortransgenderpeopleused intheDSM-IVandsincereplacedwithgenderdysphoria(whichisseenasless stigmatising). GenderIdentity Thegender-relatedidentity,appearanceormannerismsorother gender-related characteristics of an individual (whether by way of medical intervention or not, socialisation or alternative expression), with or without regard to the individual’s designated sex at birth, and includes transsexualism andtransgenderism. vii viii Glossary Genderqueer Canbeusedasanumbrellatermsimilartotransgenderbutcommonly referstopeoplewhoarenottranssexual,butdonotcomplywiththeirtraditional genderexpectationsthroughtheirdress,hair,mannerisms,appearanceandvalues. GLBTIQ Gay,lesbian,bisexual,transgender,intersexandotherwisequestioning (people).Thisismypreferredtermasitisinstantlyrecognisablebymainstream readersandoftenusedinAustralia,butnotethatitcanbeusedinterchangeably withotheracronymslikeLGBTIQ/LGBT(whichputlesbiansfirstforfeminist reasonsandtendstobemorepopularintheUSAforexample),SSAGQ(which pointstothesamegroupbuteschewsidentitiesinfavouroftheverbssamesex attractedandgenderquestioning),orsexualandgenderminorities,etc. Heteronormativity Producing or reinforcing heterosexuality as a “naturalised” andnormativestructure. Homophobia Anindividual’sorsociety’smisunderstanding,fear,ignoranceof,or prejudiceagainst,gay,lesbianand/orbisexualpeople. Homosexual People whose sexual and romantic feelings are primarily for the same sex and who identify primarily with those feelings. People who feel this wayoftenidentifyasgayorlesbian. Intersex Havingphysical,hormonalorgeneticfeaturesthatare– (a)neitherwhollyfemalenorwhollymale;or (b)acombinationoffemaleandmale;or (c)neitherfemalenormale. Lesbian Women whose sexual and romantic feelings are primarily for other womenandwhoidentifywiththosefeelings. MtF/M-F/M2FSeeTransgenderMtF. Pansexual or Omnisexual Refers to people whose sexual and romantic feelings areforallgenders;thisrejectsthegenderbinaryofmale/femaleandassertsthat therearemorethantwogendersorgenderidentities.Theseareinclusiveterms thatconsiderthegenderdiversecommunity. Puberty Blockers Non-testosterone based hormone treatment (GnRH agonists) used to suspend the advance of sex steroid induced and thus block pubertal changes (and secondary sex characteristics) from occurring/developing further foraperiodoftime.Nochangesintermsoftransitiontothedesiredsex/gender identity occur; this measure is generally understood to be preparation for tran- sitions/decisionsaroundtransitions,ratherthanatransitionprocessitself. Queer Queer is an umbrella term used to refer to the LGBT community. Some peopleintheGLBTIQcommunityprefernottousethistermasthehistoryofthe wordhasnegativeconnotations.Thesedays,thetermhasbeenembracedandis moreaboutprideandinclusivity. Sex Thephysiologicalmake-upofaperson.Itiscommonlyexpressedasabinary andusedtodividepeopleintomalesandfemales.However,inreality,sexisa complex relationship of genetic, hormonal, morphological, biochemical, and anatomical differences that impact the physiology of the body and the sexual differentiation of the brain. Although everyone is assigned a sex at birth, Glossary ix approximately 2 % of the population are intersexed and do not fit easily into a dimorphicdivisionoftwosexesthatare‘opposite’. Sexual Orientation The direction of one’s sexual and romantic attractions and interests toward members of the same, opposite or both sexes, or all genders. Similarto‘SexualPreference’. Trans/Transgender Abroadumbrellaterm,includingpeople/apersonwhoiden- tifies as a sex different to the one assigned at birth and who may choose to undergo sex affirmation/reassignment surgery(ies). Describes a broad range of non-conforminggenderidentitiesand/orbehaviours. TransgenderFtM Apersonwhowasbornasfemaleorintersex(orotherwisenot strictlymale)whoidentifiesasasexdifferenttotheoneassignedatbirth(asmale, a transman or genderqueer) and who may choose to undergo sex affirmation/ reassignment surgery(ies). Describes a broad range of non-conforming gender identitiesand/orbehaviours,andweusetheterminabroadsenseinthisstudyto includepeoplewhoidentifyfrompreciselytobroadlywiththiscategory. Transgender MtF A person who was born as male or intersex (or otherwise not strictly female) who identifies as a sex different to the one assigned at birth (as female, a transwoman or genderqueer) and who may choose to undergo sex affirmation/reassignment surgery(ies). Describes a broad range of non-conforminggenderidentitiesand/orbehaviours. Transphobia Anindividual’sorsociety’smisunderstanding,fear,ignoranceof,or prejudiceagainsttransgenderpeople.
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