Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State PDF
Preview Policing America’s Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State
Policing America’s Empire N P S A S Series Editors Alfred W. McCoy R. Anderson Sutton Thongchai Winichakul Associate Editors Warwick H. Anderson Katherine Bowie Ian Coxhead Michael Cullinane Paul D. Hutchcroft Courtney Johnson Kris Olds P A ’ E The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State Alfred W. McCoy T U W P Publication of this volume has been made possible, in part, through support from the Evjue Foundation, Inc., the charitable arm of The Capital Times, and, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Anonymous Fund of the College of Letters and Science, the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, the Graduate School, and the International Institute. The University ofWisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England Copyright © 2009 The Board ofRegents ofthe University ofWisconsin System Allrightsreserved.Nopartof thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,orotherwise,orconveyedviatheInternetoraWebsitewithoutwrittenpermission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. 1 3 5 4 2 Printed in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McCoy, Alfred W. Policing America’s empire : the United States, the Philippines, and the rise ofthe surveillance state / Alfred W. McCoy. p. cm.—(New perspectives in Southeast Asian studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-299-23414-0 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-299-23413-3 (e-book) 1. Espionage, American—Philippines—History—20th century. 2. Philippines—History—Philippine American War, 1899–1902—Secret service. 3. Philippines—History—Autonomy and independence movements. I. Title. II. Series. DS685.M343 2009 959.9´031—dc22 2009010253 For friends met on a long journey into the Philippine past Dr.Brian Fegan Dr.Doreen G.Fernandez Dr.Helen Mendoza Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xv Prologue: Analogies of Empire 3 1 Capillaries of Empire 15 U.S.Colonial Police 2 Colonial Coercion 59 3 Surveillance and Scandal 94 4 Paramilitary Pacification 126 5 Constabulary Covert Operations 175 6 Policing the Tribal Zone 206 7 American Police in Manila 236 8 The Conley Case 268 9 President Wilson’s Surveillance State 293 Philippine National Police 10 President Quezon’s Commonwealth 349 11 Philippine Republic 372 12 Martial Law Terror 397 13 Unsheathing the Sword 433 14 Ramos’s Supercops 452 15 Estrada’s Racketeering 471 16 Extrajudicial Executions 498 17 Crucibles of Counterinsurgency 521 vii viii Contents Notes 541 Index 637 Acknowledgments The intellectual debts I have accrued during my decade of work on this book begin and end in the Philippines. I started this project as a Fulbright-Hays fellow at the Ateneo de Manila University in 1998–99, where my work was hosted by Fr. Bienvenido Nebres, SJ, Antonette Palma-Angeles, and Fr. Jose Cruz, SJ. During my daily commutes across Quezon City through hours of gridlocked traffic to the Ateneo campus, countless taxi drivers regaled me with tales of police corrup- tion and offered insight into the city’s endless law enforcement intrigues. As these conversations led me to launch this research into the history of Philippine police, other observers shared knowledge hard won from a lifetime’s immersion in Manila’s politics. Attorney Arno Sanidad of the Free Legal Assist- ance Group (FLAG) arranged for access to case records, as did ex-senator Jovito Salonga, whose assessment of the landmark Aberca v. Ver case is reflected in chapter12.AtthePhilippineCenterforInvestigativeJournalism,SheilaCoronel, now a professor at Columbia University’s School of Journalism, was generous in sharingherwealthof insightandcontacts.Ineachof myperiodicvisitstoManila over the past thirty-five years, I have learned a great deal from conversations with Edilberto de Jesus about the country’s politics and from Melinda de Jesus about the workings of its media. During these research trips, Teresita Deles was enor- mously helpful in facilitating access to senior officials in the Philippine National Police and the National Bureau of Investigation. As the project reached back in time to cover two centuries of Philippine polic- ing, Rose Mendoza retrieved Spanish colonial documents at the Philippine Na- tional Archives. At Ateneo’s wonderful Rizal Library, Mel Lopez and his daughter Miko Lopez assisted my research into postcolonial developments. At the city’s journal of record, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, the library staff was always ac- commodating, columnist Amando Doronila insightful about the country’s poli- tics, and the paper’s founding publisher, Mrs. Eggy Apostol, inspirational in her ix
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