Polar Law Textbook II - Arctic Centre

304 Pages·2013·2.39 MB·English

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Ved Stranden 18 :5
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DK-1061 Copenhagen K 5
www.norden.org
Polar Law Textbook II
Polar Law Textbook II
“Developments in the Arctic and Antarctica continue to be
the subject of growing public interest and academic, political,
scientific, and media discourse. The global magnitude of the
changes that are currently taking place in the Polar Regions,
also influence legal developments. Furthermore, the growing
importance of both the Arctic and the Antarctica in various
areas of global, regional, national and subnational develop-
ment requires further inquiry into the role of law in dealing
with many of the current and emerging issues relevant to both
Poles. Although law is not a panacea for all issues, it has its
own role to play in dealing with many of them.”
This textbook represents the outcome of a cooperative process
between an international group of well-known experts in the
area of Polar law and related studies. Polar Law TextBook II
further draws upon Polar law as an evolving and developing
field of studies which is gaining increasing recognition and
intersects with many other areas in the social sciences and
humanities. It explores a variety of legal issues in the Arctic
and Antarctica
TemaNord 2013:535
ISBN 978-92-893-2550-9
Natalia Loukacheva (ed.)
TN2013535 omslag.indd 1 15-05-2013 12:53:05

Polar Law Textbook II

Editor Natalia Loukacheva

TemaNord 2013:535
Polar Law Textbook II

Editor Natalia Loukacheva

ISBN 978-92-893-2550-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2013-535
TemaNord 2013:535
© Nordic Council of Ministers 2013
Layout: Hanne Lebech
Cover photo: ImageSelect

Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk
Copies: 316

Printed in Denmark

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom-
mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.

www.norden.org/en/publications

Nordic co-operation
Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration,
involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and
Åland.
Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an
important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong
Nordic community in a strong Europe.
Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the
global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the
world’s most innovative and competitive.

Nordic Council of Ministers
Ved Stranden 18
DK-1061 Copenhagen K
Phone [phone]

www.norden.org
Contents
Biographies ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Summary......................................................................................................................................... 13
1. Polar Law Developments and Major Trends
Natalia Loukacheva ............................................................................................................. 17
1.1 Polar Law ................................................................................................................... 17
1.2 Major Trends and Arctic Geo-politics .............................................................. 19
1.3 The Main Pillars of Development ...................................................................... 25
1.4 Recent Developments............................................................................................ 28
2. Security in the Arctic
Lassi Heininen ........................................................................................................................ 37
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 37
2.2 Definition of Security ............................................................................................. 38
2.3 Environmental Security in the Arctic .............................................................. 40
2.4 Human Security in the Arctic .............................................................................. 43
2.5 Energy Security in the Arctic .............................................................................. 45
2.6 Traditional Security in the Arctic ...................................................................... 46
2.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 49
3. The Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and
Rescue in the Arctic – A New Chapter in Polar Law
Anton Vasiliev......................................................................................................................... 53
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 53
3.2 The Arctic Council and its Agenda on EPPR .................................................. 54
3.3 The Development of the SAR Instrument Proposal ........................................ 55
3.4 The SAR Instrument Task Force and its Work ............................................. 56
3.5 Key Features of the SAR Agreement ................................................................ 57
3.6 Key Provisions of the SAR Agreement............................................................. 59
3.7 Importance of the SAR Agreement ................................................................... 62
3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 64
4. Polar Regimes Tackling Climate Change
Timo Koivurova ..................................................................................................................... 67
4.1 General Framework of Climate Regime in the Polar Regions ................. 67
4.2 Arctic Council and Climate Change ................................................................... 70
4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 74
5. The International Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf with Special
Reference to the Polar Regions
Ted L. McDorman...................................................................................................................77
5.1 History and Basic Legal Features.......................................................................77
5.2 Outer Limit of the Shelf .........................................................................................79
5.3 The Continental Shelf in the Arctic....................................................................85
5.4 The Continental Shelf in the Antarctic? ...........................................................90
5.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................91
6. Arctic Biodiversity and Marine Wildlife
Malgosia Fitzmaurice ...........................................................................................................95
6.1 Introduction: Arctic Biodiversity .......................................................................95
6.2 Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity ............................................................ 101
6.3 International Instruments Relevant to the Protection of Arctic
Biodiversity and Marine Wildlife .................................................................... 102
6.4 Marine Wildlife ...................................................................................................... 109
6.5 Regional Treaties .................................................................................................. 113
6.6 Relevant Conventions not Directly Aimed at the Protection of
Biodiversity ............................................................................................................ 117
6.7 Non-Binding (“soft law”) Instruments .......................................................... 118
6.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 119
7. Polar Bears and International Law
Nigel Bankes ......................................................................................................................... 123
7.1 Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears ........................................ 123
7.2 Discussion of Polar Bear in other International Fora ............................. 125
8. The Antarctic Treaty System and the Regulation of Antarctic Tourism
Kees Bastmeijer ................................................................................................................... 131
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 131
8.2 The Antarctic Treaty System and Tourism ................................................. 132
8.3 “Phases” of Tourism Management in the Antarctic between 1990
and 2012 .................................................................................................................. 135
8.4 Regulating Tourism in Antarctica: Outstanding Questions for the
ATCM ......................................................................................................................... 146
8.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 151
9. Renewable Energy in the Arctic: Regulatory Frameworks
Maria Pettersson ................................................................................................................. 155
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 155
9.2 Renewable Energy in the Arctic ...................................................................... 156
9.3 Legal Functions in Relation to the Extraction and Exploitation of
Renewable Energy ............................................................................................... 161
9.4 The Future of Renewable Energy Development in the Arctic –
Challenges and Opportunities .......................................................................... 165
9.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 169
10. Oil and Gas Regulation in the United States Arctic Offshore
Betsy Baker ........................................................................................................................... 175
10.1 Geography and Recent History ........................................................................ 175
10.2 Jurisdiction, Legal and Regulatory Framework ......................................... 177
10.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 181
11. Good Governance in the Arctic
Gudmundur Alfredsson ...................................................................................................... 185
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 185
11.2 Links to Human Rights and Democracy ........................................................ 186
11.3 The Good Governance Guidelines ................................................................... 187
11.4 Relevance to the Arctic ....................................................................................... 194
11.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................ 196
12. Destiny or Dream Sharing Resources, Revenues and Political Power in
Nunavut Devolution
Tony Penikett ....................................................................................................................... 199
12.1 General Framework ............................................................................................. 199
12.2 The Nunavut Story................................................................................................ 201
12.3 Indigenous Government ..................................................................................... 205
12.4 Right?......................................................................................................................... 208
12.5 Revenues and the Stakes .................................................................................... 210
12.6 Sovereignty ............................................................................................................. 211
12.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 211
13. Faroese Governance
Kári á Rógvi .......................................................................................................................... 215
13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 215
13.2 History of the Faroes ........................................................................................... 219
13.3 20th Century Developments and Home Rule ............................................... 222
13.4 Economic Development ...................................................................................... 223
13.5 Resources................................................................................................................. 224
13.6 Faroese Law and Authorities ............................................................................ 228
13.7 Modern Legal System and Developments .................................................... 232
13.8 Constitutional Perspectives .............................................................................. 234
13.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 238
14. Greenland and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples
Marianne Lykke Thomsen ................................................................................................ 241
14.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 241
14.2 From Provincial Council to Self-Government ............................................. 243
14.3 Indigenous Peoples Coming Together .......................................................... 244
14.4 Inuit Hospitality and Partnership with Denmark ....................................... 246
14.5 Moving the Work to the United Nations....................................................... 251
14.6 The Role of Greenland ........................................................................................ 253
14.7 Increasing Focus on Human Rights................................................................ 256
14.8 Framing the Issues ............................................................................................... 257
14.9 Debating UNDRIP in Parliament ..................................................................... 258
14.10 Language and Cultural Identity in Greenland ............................................ 261
14.11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 263
15. Sámi Rights and Sámi Law in Norway
Øyvind Ravna ....................................................................................................................... 269
15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 269
15.2 Legal Developments Regarding Sámi in Norway ........................................ 271
15.3 International Law ................................................................................................. 282
15.4 Sámi Law.................................................................................................................. 286
15.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 289
Sammanfattning ........................................................................................................................ 295
Samantekt .................................................................................................................................... 299