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Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology Twelfth Edition John E. Hall, PhD Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi Elsevier Inc., 2012 Saunders Front matter Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology TWELFTH EDITION Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology John E. Hall PhD, Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi Copyright POCKET COMPANION TO GUYTON AND HALL ISBN: 978- 1-4160-5451-1 TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, TWELFTH EDITION Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2001, 1998 by Saunders, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Illustrations by Michael Schenk and Walter Cunningham International Standard Book Number 978-1-4160-5451-1 Executive Editor: William Schmitt Senior Project Manager: Claire Kramer Managing Editor: Rebecca Gruliow Designer: Louis Forgione Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Thomas H. Adair, PhD , Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Chapters 45678), Chapters 373839404142), Chapters 4344), Chapters 62636465666768) David J. Dzielak, PhD , Professor of Surgery, Professor of Health Sciences, Associate Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Chapters 3233343536), Chapters 45464748), Chapters 4950515253), Chapters 545556575859) John E. Hall, PhD , Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Chapters 123), Chapters 141516171819), Chapters 25262728293031), Chapters 6061), Chapters 67686970717273), Chapters 7980818283) Thomas E. Lohmeier, PhD , Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, (Chapters 7475767778) R. Davis Manning, PhD , Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Chapters 910111213), Chapters 2021222324), Sports Physiology (Chapter 84) Preface Human physiology is the discipline that links basic sciences with clinical medicine. It is integrative and encompasses everything from the study of molecules and subcellular components to the study of organ systems and their interactions that allow us to function as living beings. Because human physiology is a rapidly expanding discipline and covers a broad scope, the vast amount of information potentially applicable to the practice of medicine can be overwhelming. Therefore, one of our goals for writing this “Pocket Companion” was to distill this enormous amount of information into a book that would be small enough to be carried in a coat pocket and used often but still contain the basic physiologic principles necessary for the study of medicine. The pocket companion was designed to accompany Guyton and Hall’s Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, and it cannot serve as a substitute for the parent text. Rather, it is intended to serve as a concise overview of the most important facts and concepts from the parent text, presented in a manner that facilitates rapid comprehension of basic physiologic principles. Some of the most important features of the pocket companion are as follows: • It has been designed to serve as a guide for students who wish to review a large volume of material from the parent text rapidly and efficiently. The headings of the sections state succinctly the primary concepts in the accompanying paragraphs. Thus the student can quickly review many of the main concepts in the textbook by first studying the paragraph headings. • The table of contents matches that of the parent text, and each topic has been cross-referenced with specific page numbers from the parent text. The pocket companion has been updated in parallel with the Textbook of Medical Physiology. • The size of the book has been restricted so it can fit conveniently in a coat pocket as an immediate source of information when needed. Although the pocket companion contains the most important facts necessary for studying physiology, it does not contain the details that enrich the physiologic concepts or the clinical examples of abnormal physiology that are contained in the parent book. We therefore recommend that the pocket companion be used in conjunction with the Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition. I am grateful to each of the contributors for their careful work on this book. Contributing authors were selected for their knowledge of physiology and their ability to present information effectively to students. We have strived to make this book as accurate as possible and hope that it will be valuable for your study of physiology. Your comments and suggestions for ways to improve the Pocket Companion are always greatly appreciated. John E. Hall, PhD , Jackson, Mississippi Table of Contents Front matter Copyright Contributors Preface UNIT I: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology Chapter 1: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” Chapter 2: The Cell and Its Functions Chapter 3: Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction UNIT II: Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle Chapter 4: Transport of Substances through Cell Membranes Chapter 5: Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials Chapter 6: Contraction of Skeletal Muscle Chapter 7: Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling Chapter 8: Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle UNIT III: The Heart