Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature This page intentionally left blank Plural Sovereignties and Contemporary Indigenous Literature Stuart Christie PLURAL SOVEREIGNTIES AND CONTEMPORARY INDIGENOUS LITERATURE Copyright © Stuart Christie, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-61342-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37796-1 ISBN 978-0-230-62075-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230620759 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Christie, Stuart, 1967– Plural sovereignties and contemporary indigenous literature / by Stuart Christie. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. American literature—Indian authors—History and criticism. 2. Identity (Psychology) in literature. 3. Racially mixed people—United States—Intellectual life. 4. Racially mixed people—Canada—Intellectual life. 5. Indians of North America—Intellectual life. 6. Racially mixed people in literature. 7. Imperialism in literature. 8. Indians in literature. I. Title. PS153.I52C49 2009 810.9'897—dc22 2008037881 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: May 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 for Louis Owens, Gramps, and 林 韻 莊 with love This page intentionally left blank Contents Figures ix Cover Image xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Plural Sovereignties and Indigenous Literary Formation 1 Part I Representations One B lood Legacies: Pathology and Power in Works by Sherman Alexie and A. A. Carr 39 Two N ational Captivity Narratives in Welch, Silko, and Armstrong 73 Three T rickster’s Gamble: Capitalizing Indigenous Discourse in Vizenor’s The Heirs of Columbus and Erdrich’s The Bingo Palace 105 Part II Futures Four R ecovering Sovereignty in Louis Owens’s Dark River 157 Five I ndigenous Wormholes: Reading Plural Sovereignties in Works by Thomas King 177 Conclusion 217 Notes 231 Index 267 This page intentionally left blank Figures I.1 Map, The Nunavut Territory, Canada 26 3.1 Photograph, the Alaska Packers Association (APA) cannery at Chelh-ten-em (Point Roberts), known also as Lily Point, ca. 1895 116 3.2 Illustration, “Point Roberts, USA.” Book cover image 117 3.3 Illustration, “Site Plan: Landscape Open Space Plan” 123