Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders : Pathophysiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics PDF
Preview Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-Thrombotic Disorders : Pathophysiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-thrombotic Disorders Platelets have attracted increasing interest among clinicians and basic scientists over recent years, and are now known to play a part in many physiological and pathological conditions. In fact, platelets are involved in diseases responsible for the majority of disability and death worldwide, including myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, and many infections. Platelets are also studied as a model in many areas of neurobiology, pharmacology, biochemistry and molecular biology. This timely reference provides a comprehensive, detailed, up- to-date resource for clinicians and researchers, covering the struc- ture and function of platelets and their role in pharmacology, pathogenesis and therapeutics. It is organized into sections cover- ing platelet physiology, laboratory and methodological issues, platelet involvement in disease, including hemostatic and non- hemostatic conditions, platelet pharmacology, and treatment in the clinic. With contributions from leading authorities including some of the founders of modern platelet studies, this is the definitive refer- ence and guide to the diagnosis and therapeutics of diseases involving platelets. Chapters are devised to provide a critical review of the most clinically relevant aspects of the subject, with extensive references and easy-to-read take-home messages. It will be an essential resource for biomedical scientists and clinicians in hematology, vascular medicine, cardiology, thrombosis and related disciplines. Paolo Greseleis Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy Clive Pageis Professor of Pharmacology, Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Director of the Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Guy’s, King’s and St Thomas’ School of Biomedical Sciences, London Valentin Fuster is Director of the Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and the Richard Gorlin, M.D./Heart Research Foundation Professor of Cardiology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center and School of Medicine, New York, New York Jos Vermylen is Professor of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Belgium Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Platelets in Thrombotic and Non-thrombotic Disorders Pathophysiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Edited by Paolo Gresele Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Internal Medicine University of Perugia, Italy Clive P.Page Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology King’s College London, UK Valentin Fuster The Mount Sinai Medical Center and School of Medicine New York, USA and Jos Vermylen Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology University of Leuven, Belgium Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambrid ge.org/9780521802611 © Cambridge University Press, 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 - isbn-13 978-0-511-05720-5 eBook (Adobe Reader) isbn-10 - isbn-13 978-0-521-80261-1 hardback - isbn-10 0-521-80261-X hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publisher therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Contents List of contributors ix Editors’preface xxi PART I PHYSIOLOGY 1 History of platelets 3 J. Fraser Mustard, Raelene L. Kinlough-Rathbone and Marian A. Packham 2 Production of platelets 25 Arnaud Drouin and Elisabeth Cramer 3 Morphology and ultrastructure of platelets 41 James G. White 4 Platelet heterogeneity:physiology and pathological consequences 70 Anthony Mathur and John F. Martin 5 Platelet membrane proteins as adhesion receptors 80 Yoshiaki Tomiyama, Masamichi Shiraga and Sanford J. Shattil 6 Dynamics of the platelet cytoskeleton 93 Kurt L. Barkalow, Hervé Falet and John Hartwig 7 Platelet organelles 104 Francine Rendu and Brigitte Brohard-Bohn 8 Platelet receptors for thrombin 113 Lawrence F. Brass, Marina Molino, Peter J. O’Brien and Mark Kahn 9 Platelet receptors:ADP 127 Christian Gachet and Jean-Pierre Cazenave 10 Platelet receptors:prostanoids 140 Roberta Vezza and Garret A. FitzGerald v Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 vi Contents 11 Platelet receptors:collagen 158 28 Platelet–leukocyte interactions relevant to Pia R-M. Siljander and Richard W. Farndale vascular damage and thrombosis 412 Chiara Cerletti, Virgilio Evangelista, Roberto 12 Platelet receptors:von Willebrand factor 179 Lorenzet and Giovanni de Gaetano Jerry Ware and Zaverio M. Ruggeri 29 Vascular control of platelet function 432 13 Platelet receptors:fibrinogen 188 Scott Willoughby and Joseph Loscalzo Edward F. Plow, Thomas A. Haas and Tatiana V.Byzova 14 Platelet signalling:GTP-binding proteins 204 PART II METHODOLOGY Jan-Willem N. Akkerman 30 In vitro assays for evaluating platelet function 459 15 Platelet phospholipases A 221 2 Perumal Thiagarajan and Kenneth K. Wu Michael H. Gelb, Carine M. Mounier, Ying Hefner and Steve P.Watson 31 Monitoring antiplatelet therapy 471 Dermot Cox and Desmond Fitzgerald 16 Roles of phospholipase C and phospholipase D in receptor-mediated platelet activation 238 32 Flow cytometric analysis of platelet function 485 Mauro Torti and Eduardo G. Lapetina Alan D. Michelson, Marc R. Barnard, Lori A. Krueger, A.L. Frelinger III and Mark I. Furman 17 Platelet signalling:calcium 260 Juan A. Rosado and Stewart O. Sage 33 Animal models of platelet-dependent thrombosis 499 18 Platelet signalling:protein kinase C 272 Paolo Golino and Francesco Loffredo Charles S. Abrams and Marcelo G. Kazanietz 19 Platelet signalling:tyrosine kinases 281 Sylviane Levy-Toledano PART III PATHOLOGY 20 Platelet signalling:cAMP and cGMP 290 A Hemostasis James L. Daniel, Barrie Ashby and Fabio M. Pulcinelli 34 Hereditary thrombocytopenias 515 Chris Van Geet, Kathleen Freson, Rita Devos 21 Platelet adhesion 304 and Jos Vermylen Philip G. de Groot and Jan J. Sixma 35 Thrombocytopenias due to bone marrow 22 The platelet shape change 319 disorders 528 Adrian R.L. Gear and Renata K. Polanowsa- Beng H. Chong and Colin Chesterman Grabowska 36 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia 542 23 Aggregation 338 Kathryn E. Webert and John G. Kelton Marian A. Packham, Margaret L. Rand and Raelene L. Kinlough-Rathbone 37 Thrombocytopenia in childhood 556 Cécile Kaplan, M. Dreyfus, V. Proulle and 24 Amplification loops:release reaction 357 G.Tchernia Marc F. Hoylaerts 38 Alloimmune thrombocytopenia 569 25 Amplification loops:thromboxane generation 369 E. Anders Kolb and James B. Bussel Paola Patrignani and Maria G. Sciulli 39 Drug-induced and drug-dependent immune 26 Platelet procoagulant activities:the thrombocytopenias 584 amplification loops between platelets and Andreas Greinacher, Petra Eichler and the plasmatic clotting system 381 NorbetLubenow H. Coenraad Hemker 40 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and 27 Platelets and chemotaxis 393 hemolytic uremic syndrome 610 Stefania Momi and Paolo Gresele Miha Furlan Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Contents vii 41 Thrombocytosis and thrombocythemia 623 57 Platelet interactions with other cells related Tiziano Barbui and Guido Finazzi to inflammatory diseases 869 Patrice E. Poubelle and Pierre Borgeat 42 Platelet adhesive protein defect disorders 639 Kenneth J. Clemetson and Jeannine M. 58 Platelets and the preimplantation stage of Clemetson embryo development 885 Christopher O’Neill 43 Congenital disorders of platelet secretion 655 Marco Cattaneo 59 Platelets in psychiatric and neurological disorders 894 44 Congenital platelet signal transduction B. E. Leonard defects 674 A. Koneti Rao 60 Platelets in inflammatory bowel disease 907 Elizabeth Carty, David S. Rampton and 45 Acquired platelet function defects 689 Carole E. Collins Joel S. Bennett 46 Platelet storage and transfusion 707 Scott Murphy PART IV PHARMACOLOGY B Thrombosis 61 Aspirin 919 47 Pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis 727 Carlo Patrono Lina Badimon, Juan-Jose Badimon and 62 Pharmacology of ticlopidine and clopidogrel 929 ValentinFuster Jean-Pierre Cazenave and Christian Gachet 48 Platelets and atherosclerosis 738 63 Platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP) IIb–IIIa Peter Verhamme and Paul Holvoet antagonists and acute arterial thrombosis 940 49 Platelet involvement in venous thrombosis David R. Phillips and Lisa Nannizzi-Alaimo and pulmonary embolism 753 64 Other antiplatelet agents 955 Andrew D. Blann and Gregory Y. H. Lip Luigi Iuliano, Fausta Micheletta and 50 Gene regulation of platelet function 760 Francesco Violi Thomas J. Kunicki 65 Pharmacogenetics as a new antiplatelet C Non-hemostatic disorders strategy 964 Giovanni de Gaetano, Chiara Cerletti and 51 Platelets and bacterial infections 783 LiciaIacoviello Mark C. Herzberg and Ke Gong 66 Cardiovascular gene therapy:implications 52 Interactions of viruses and platelets and the for platelet vessel wall interactions 978 inactivation of viruses in platelet concentrates Pierre Zoldhelyi, Harold Eichstaedt, Thomas prepared for transfusion 807 Jax, Janice M. McNatt, Zhi Qiang Chen, Laurence Corash Harnath S. Shelat, Harris Rose and James T. 53 Platelets and parasites 815 Willerson Michel Joseph 67 Pharmacological modulation of the 54 Platelets and tumours 824 inflammatory actions of platelets 991 Maria Benedetta Donati and Virgilio Carla Cicala and Giuseppe Cirino Evangelista 55 Platelets and renal diseases 837 PART V THERAPY Paola Boccardo, Miriam Galbusera and Giuseppe Remuzzi 68 Design of trials to evaluate antiplatelet agents 1003 56 Platelets and allergic diseases 852 Shamir R. Mehta, John W. Eikelboom and Salim Simon Pitchford and Clive P. Page Yusuf Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 viii Contents 69 Antiplatelet therapy in cardiology 1013 Herbert D. Aronow and Eric J. Topol 70 Antiplatelet therapies in neurology 1040 Graeme J. Hankey 71 Antiplatelet treatment in peripheral vascular disease 1055 Raymond Verhaeghe Afterword 1063 Platelets:a personal story Gustav V.R. Born Index 1073 Colour plates between pages 170 and 171 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 Contributors Charles S.Abrams University of Pennsylvania Basic Research Building II/III Room 912 421 Curie Blvd. Philadelphia PA 19104, USA Jan-Willem N.Akkerman Laboratory for Thrombosis and Haemostasis Department of Haematology University Medical Center Utrecht Heldelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands Herbert D.Aronow Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Cleveland Clinic Foundation – Clinic Centre 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland Ohio, USA Barrie Ashby Department of Pharmacology and Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center Temple University Medical School Philadelphia PA 19140, USA Juan-Jose Badimon Cardiovascular Institute Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, USA ix Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009 x List of contributors Lina Badimon Gustav V.R.Born Cardiovascular Unit The William Harvey Research Institute CID/CSIC St. Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Jordi Girona, 18–26 Medicine and Dentistry 08034 Barcelona, Spain University of London Charterhouse Square Tiziano Barbui London EC1M 6BQ, UK Division of Hematology Ospedali Riuniti Lawrence F.Brass Largo Barozzi 1 Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology 24128 Bergamo, Italy Center for Experimental Therapeutics 913 BRB II/III Kurt L.Barkalow 421 Curie Blvd Brigham & Women’s Hospital Philadelphia Hematology Division PA 19104–6069, USA LMRC Building, Rm 301 221 Longwood Avenue Brigitte Brohard-Bohn Boston U428 INSERM MA 02115, USA Faculté de Pharmacie 4 avenue de l’Observatoire Marc R.Barnard 75006 Paris, France Center for Platelet Function Studies University of Massachusetts Medical School James B.Bussel 55 Lake Avenue North Cornell University Medical Center Worcester New York Hospital, USA MA 01655, USA Tatiana V.Byzova Joel S.Bennett Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular University Pennsylvania School of Medicine Biology Room 914, BRB II/II Department of Molecular Cardiology 421 Curie Blvd. Cleveland Clinic Foundation Philadelphia 9500 Euclid Avenue PA 19014, USA Cleveland OH 44195, USA Andrew D.Blann Haemostasis,Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit Elizabeth Carty University Department of Medicine Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology City Hospital St. Bartholomew’s and The Royal London School of Birmingham B18 7QH, UK Medicine and Dentistry London E1 2AD, UK Paola Boccardo Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Marco Cattaneo Via Gavazzeni 11 Hemophilia and Thrombosis Centre 24125 Bergamo, Italy Department of Internal Medicine University of Milano Pierre Borgeat Via Pace 9 CRRI 20122 Milano, Italy Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Faculté de Médecine Université Laval 2705 Boulevard Laurier Ste-Foy Qc G1V 4G2, Canada Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009
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